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bio 1108 test 3`
evolution
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Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/03/2011

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Term
evolution
Definition

changes through generations in the frequency of genes coded by DNA (alleles)

 

also the origin of new species, new characteristics, new looks, behaviors, etc

Term
inheritance
Definition
genes passed on from one generation to the next
Term

expression

Definition
how genes that are passed on are expressed in appearance
Term
genotype
Definition
genetic make up of organism (at DNA or amino acid level)
Term
phenotype
Definition
physical & physiological trait of an organism that is determined by the genes (genotype)
Term
"blending"
Definition

original belief by mendel that by combining 2 traits you would get an intermediate trait

 

ex: wrinkly pea + smooth pea = semi-wrinkly pea

 

NOT TRUE

Term
allele
Definition
differernt versions of a gene that xpress different phenotypes
Term
Mendel's original wrinkle versus smooth
Definition

parent generations were purebred smooth and purebred wrinkle

 

F1 was all smooth

 

F2 was 3:1 ratio of smooth to wrinkled

Term
Dominant gene
Definition
gene that determines an organism's appearance
Term
recessive
Definition
gene that has no noticabl effect (unless it is homozygous recessive)
Term
law of segregation
Definition
an organism's 2 alleles will seperate during meiosis and end up in different gametes
Term
monohybrid
Definition

cross between 2 options of one trait

 

ex: parent generation (wrinkle vs. smooth)

Term
locus / loci
Definition
location(s) of gene on a chromosome
Term
homozygous
Definition

two of the same alleles

 

ex: RR, rr

Term
heterozygous
Definition

two alleles for a trait are different

 

ex: Rr

Term
trait
Definition
characteristic
Term
allele
Definition
genes that make up traits
Term
reciprocal cross
Definition
cross in which the phenotypes associated with a male and female in a prior cross are reversed - if this gives the same results then the sex of the parent does not influence transmission of a trait.
Term
independent assortment
Definition
alleles for different genes separate independently of each other
Term
dependent assortment
Definition

alleles for different genes sort with each other

 

ex: wrinkle moves with yellow coloring alleles

Term
Dihybrid cross
Definition
cross between 2 genes (so 4 alleles, total of 16 possibilities)
Term
?why does dependent sorting happen?
Definition
when genes are located very close together on the chromosome, they are more likely to sort together
Term
crossing over
Definition
homologous chromosome exchange parts making unique gametes
Term
incomplete dominance
Definition
similar to blending, neither allele is dominant
Term
codominant traits
Definition

heterozygous exhibit both traits seen in homozygous individuals

 

results are NOT blended like incomplete dominant traits are

Term
continuous trait
Definition

things like height - tall genes make you tall, short make you short, and mix make you somewhere in between

 

NOT DISTINCT

Term
pleiotropy
Definition

when one gene afects many others

 

ex: marfan - affected gene = fibrin but affects other traits on the body

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