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| The study of interactions between biotic organisms and between organisms and their abiotic environment. |
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| What defines an organismal interaction? |
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| The organism's physiology, anatomy, and behavior. |
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| A group of members of the same species in the same area capable of interacting. |
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| All the populations of a given area that are able to interact. |
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| Community along with all the abiotic factors. |
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| Define landscape ecology. |
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| A mosaic of interconnected ecosystems where there is an exchange of nutrients, energy, and organisms. |
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Major type of ecosystem that covers a wide geographic area that is classified by the predominant plant life.
Examples: Rainforest, Coral Reef, Desert, Boreal Forest... |
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| The entire planet's ecosystem combined. |
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| Define herbivory and discuss the benefits and/ or harm caused to each organism. |
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Plants being fed upon. The herbivore benefits while the plant is harmed.
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| Define predation and discuss the benefits and/ or harm caused to each organism. |
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Definition
One or more prey being killed and consumed. The predator benefits and the prey is harmed.
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| Define parasitism and discuss the benefits and/ or harm caused to each organism. |
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Definition
The host is fed upon, but is not usually killed. The parasite gains the benefit and the host is harmed.
[image] |
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| Define parasitoidism and discuss the benefits and/ or harm caused to each organism. |
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Definition
One host is killed and consumed in the development of the parasitoids. The parasitoid gains the benefit, and the host is harmed.
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Definition
A parasite which feeds from the inside.
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Definition
A parasite which feeds from the outside.
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| Define competition and discuss the benefits and/ or harm caused to each organism. |
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Definition
Interaction that occurs between 2 organisms when a required resource is in limited supply. Both organisms are harmed.
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| Define mutualism and discuss the benefits and/ or harm caused to each organism. |
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Definition
An interaction in which both species gain a benefit.
[image]
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| Define commensalism and discuss the benefits and/ or harm caused to each organism. |
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Definition
An interaction in which one party benefits, and the other party is not harmed, but does not gain any benefits either.
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Term
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Definition
An intimate interaction between 2 species that live in direct contact with one another.
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| What are some herbavore adaptations to reduce predation? |
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Definition
| Spines/ Claws/ Teeth, Cryptic Coloration (Camouflage), Startle Response colors, incorporating toxins from plants, aposomatic (warning) coloration, mimicry. |
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| What are some plant adaptations to reduce herbivory? |
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Definition
| Thorns/ Spines, and Chemicals |
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| What is batesian mimicry? |
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Definition
| Well-protected model and harmless mimic. |
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| What is Mullerian mimicry? |
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Definition
| Both parties protected and mimic each other. |
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| Define intraspecific competition |
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Definition
| Competition between individuals of the same species. |
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| Define interspecific competition |
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| Competition which occurs between members of 2 different species. |
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Definition
| Set of environmental conditions that characterize where an organism is found. |
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Definition
| Functional role of an organism in its ecosystem |
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| Define competitive exclusion |
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Definition
| When competition is so severe that the more efficient species drives the other to localized extinction. |
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| Define resource partitioning |
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Definition
| The splitting of a niche to reduce competition. |
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Definition
| A species which exerts a very strong control on community structure despite not being very abundant. |
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| Define ecological sucession |
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Definition
| Species compsition of a community changes over time. |
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| What are the two types of ecological sucession? |
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Definition
Primary: No organisms and no soil exists.
Secondary: Ecosystem is not completely destroyed, the soil is left in tact. |
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| What are the two rules of an ecosystem? |
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Definition
| An ecosystem is open to energy, but closed to matter. |
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| Mass of the biologically important molecules (AKA no water). |
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| The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one ml of water one degree C. |
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| Define production efficiency |
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Definition
| The percentage of energy assimilated into new tissue rather than being given off as waste or being used for cellular respiration. |
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| What is the equation for finding the production efficiency? |
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Definition
| Amount of new tissue / New tissue + Cellular respiration |
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| Define biological magnification |
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Definition
| Movement of toxins up the food chain becoming more concentrated at each suceeding trophic level. |
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| What are the biogeochemical cycles? |
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Definition
Circuit of molecules that move between the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem.
Examples: The water cycle, nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle, and phosphorus cycle. |
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| Define evapotranspiration |
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Definition
| The loss of water through a leaf's stomata. |
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| Define exponential growth. |
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Definition
| The growth of a population where there are absolutely no limits. |
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| What is the equation for exponential growth? |
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Definition
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| The intrinsic rate of growth (maximum births - minimum deaths). |
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| What are the life history characteristics? |
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Definition
1. Age of 1st reproduction
2. Number of offspring per event
3. Number of times organism reproduces
4. Parental Investment |
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Definition
| Reproduce once right before you die. |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple reproductive events during a lifetime. |
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| Define carrying capacity. What is the variable used to symbolize this? |
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Definition
| Maximum stable population size an ecosystem can support for an extended period of time without any degradtion. Denoted with the variable K. |
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| What are the density dependent population regulating factors? |
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Definition
| Predation, Competition, Parasitism, Parasitiodism, Disease, and Pollution. |
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| What is the equation for the percentage of space available in an ecosystem? |
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Definition
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| What is the equation for logistic growth? |
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Definition
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| What are the 3 possible outcomes for a population which exceeds K? |
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Definition
1. The population will decrease until steady along the old K. (No damage to environment, it can support the same number of individuals).
2. The population will drop and level off at a new K value. (Damage to the enviroment, it can no longer support as many organisms.)
3. Localized extinction. (Environment was destroyed). |
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| What are the r-selected adaptations? |
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Definition
1. Little parental investment
2. Lots of offspring
3. Semelparous
4. Type III survivorship curve (most young die)
5. Lower competitive ability
6. Exist in a new/ disturbed environment. |
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| What are the K-selected adaptations? |
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Definition
1. Lots of parental investment.
2. Lower number of offspring.
3. Iteroparous
4. Type I survivorship (Most live to old age).
5. Higher comptetitive ability.
6. Exist in stable/ established environments. |
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Term
| What are the density independent population regulating factors? |
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Definition
| Weather and natural disasters, these determine the K value for a population. |
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| What are some examples of inverse density dependent population regulating factors? |
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Definition
| The higher the density, the more likely the population is to survive. Fish schools, wolf packs, etc. |
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