Term
| Why are you able to float a needle on the surface of water? |
|
Definition
| The surface tension that is a result of waters cohesive properties |
|
|
Term
| A hormone destined for secretion from the cell would be manufactured by ribosomes ___________. |
|
Definition
| Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a characteristic of mitochondria that suggests that they might have evolved from free-living bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Mitochondria have their own DNA |
|
|
Term
| What evidence suggests that mitochondria might have evolved before chloroplasts? |
|
Definition
| Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria but only some cells have chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
| What name is given to bonds that involve the sharing of electrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Golgi apparatus _____________ |
|
Definition
| Stores, modifies, and packages proteins. |
|
|
Term
| ____________ are the major lipids of plasma membranes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include ____________ |
|
Definition
| Lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification. |
|
|
Term
| Isotopes of an element have the same number of _________ and different numbers of __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a scientific experiment, the control group _________ |
|
Definition
| Serves as a basis of comparison with the experimental group. |
|
|
Term
| The membranous compartmentalization of a cell |
|
Definition
| Allows different metabolic processes to occur simultaneously |
|
|
Term
| How many oxygen atomsare in the products of the following reaction? C6H12O6+6 H2O+6 O2-->6 CO2+12 H2O |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Destruction of a protein's shape is called ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A branch of biology that explains both the diversity and the unity of life is _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If one strand of a DNA helix has the sequence AGTACTG, what will be the sequence of the other stand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All organisms and nonliving components of a particular environment are referred to as a(n) __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tendency of molecules to stick together is called _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
| Regulation of the passage of material into and out of the cell |
|
|
Term
| As a _______ is to a cell, a(n) _______ is to a multicellular organism. |
|
Definition
| Lysosome... digestive system |
|
|
Term
| Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which one of the following sequences illustrates that hierarchy as it increases in complexity? |
|
Definition
| Molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem |
|
|
Term
| The bond between oppositely charged ions is a(n) _______ bond. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following elements is NOT one of the four most common elements in living systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two main processes that ecosystems depend upon? |
|
Definition
| Nutrient cycling and energy flow |
|
|
Term
| Adjacent water molecules are joined by _______ bonds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant cells, unlike animal cells, are characterized by the presence of a _______ |
|
Definition
| Cell wall and central vacuole |
|
|
Term
| The primary structure of a protein is __________ |
|
Definition
| the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain. |
|
|
Term
| Beryllium's atomic mass is 9 and its atomic number is 4. How many neutrons are found in a beryllium atom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The following molecule is best described as a __________.
CH3--CH2--CH2--CH2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is an example of an element. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is water considered a polar molecule? |
|
Definition
| Its electrons spend more time with its oxygen than with either hydrogen. |
|
|
Term
| Saturated fats are saturated with _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the basic units of life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the reaction that breaks peptide bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these is required for natural selection to occur? |
|
Definition
| Unequal reproductive success, individual variation, inheritance, overreproduction |
|
|
Term
| The lower the pH of a solution, the ________ |
|
Definition
| more acidic the solution. |
|
|
Term
| Animals store carbohydrates as _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An atom with a positive charge has ________ |
|
Definition
| more protons than electrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The functions of the central vacuoles of plant cells include: |
|
Definition
| storing pigments that will help attract pollinating insects, storing waste products, storing poisons, helping increase the size of cells by absorbing water. |
|
|
Term
| What name is given to the organelle that manufactures the components of ribosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sugar dissolves when stirred into water. The sugar is the ______, the water is the _____, and the sweetened water is the _______. |
|
Definition
| solute.... solvent... solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which domain(s) consist(s) of prokaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the following reaction, galactose is a _________.
galactose+glucose--->lactose+water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Members of the kingdom Plantae differ from members of the other kingdoms of Eukarya in that most members of the kingdom Plantae _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A hypothesis is a(n) _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells _________ prokaryotic cells. |
|
Definition
| have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane, which is lacking in |
|
|
Term
What name is given to the following reaction?
galactose+glucose--->lactose+water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As cell size increases, the _________ |
|
Definition
| volume increases faster than the surface area. |
|
|
Term
| The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best describes the direct mechanism of ATP production during photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| Use of the energy stored in hydrogen ion (H+) gradients; the potential energy of the proton gradient is released as the protons move down their gradient through special membrane protein channels; this energy is converted to chemical bond energy in the ATP molecule. |
|
|
Term
| The energy of motion is _________ energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CAM plants conserve water by _________ |
|
Definition
| keeping their stomata closed during the day. |
|
|
Term
| Pyruvic acid must be converted to _________ in order to enter the citric acid cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What name is given to the membranous sacs found within a chloroplast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which component of the following reaction is the enzyme?
lactose+lactase+water--->lactase+glucose+fructose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the stomata? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary mechanism by which CO2 contributes to global warming is by _________ |
|
Definition
| preventing the radiation of heat from Earth to space (greenhouse affect). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protects Earth from UV radiation. |
|
|
Term
| Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is to photosynthesis as _________ is to the cellular respiration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active transport _________ |
|
Definition
| can involve the trasnport of ions, uses ATP as an energy source, requires the cell to expend energy, can move solutes against their concentration gradient. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following equations best summarizes photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| 6 CO2+6 H2O--->C6H12O6+6 CO2 |
|
|
Term
| The shorter the wavelength of visible light, the _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In cellular respiration, the most ATP is produced directly as a result of _________ |
|
Definition
| the release of the potential energy from the H+ gradient. |
|
|
Term
| Osmosis can be defined as _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What form of energy is ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What name is given to a discrete packet of light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Calvin cycle makes direct use of _________ to make _________. |
|
Definition
| CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar |
|
|
Term
| Substances that plug up an enzyme's active site are _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Runners exercising near busy roads in high traffic areas might breathe in enough carbon monoxide to affect their cellular metabolism. Carbon monoxide will interfere with ATP production by _________ |
|
Definition
| blocking the transfer of electrons from the electron transport chain to oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| Breathing faster when we exercise is necessary to expel _________ |
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide and bring in more oxygen to support aerobic metabolism. |
|
|
Term
| When oxygen delivery become insufficient to support a runner's aerobic metabolism, cells switch to an emergency mode in which _________ |
|
Definition
| ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is completely true? |
|
Definition
| Oxidation is the loss of electrons, reduction is the gain of electrons |
|
|
Term
| What compound directly provides energy for cellular work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which organelle does photosynthesis take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Calvin cycle requires _________ and _________ from the light-dependent reactions in order to operate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term is used to describe a situation in which the energy released from one reaction provides the energy required for another reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires _________ and moves a substance _________ its concentration gradient. |
|
Definition
| transport proteins... down |
|
|
Term
| Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by _________ |
|
Definition
| decreasing activation energy. |
|
|
Term
| The region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the _________ site. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which reaction of cellular respiration is analogous to the light reactions of photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The light reactions of photosynthesis convert _________ energy to _________ energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these equations describes aerobic cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| glucose+oxygen--->carbon dioxide+water+energy |
|
|
Term
| You are adrift in the Atlantic Ocean and, being thirsty, drink the surrounding seawater. As a result, _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is to eating as _________ is to drinking. |
|
Definition
| Phyagocytosis... pinocytosis |
|
|
Term
| A product of glycolysis is _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A balloon permeable to water but not to glucose contains 10% glucose solution. A beaker contains a 5% glucose solution. Which of the following is true? |
|
Definition
| The solution in the balloon is hypertonic relative to the solution in the beaker. |
|
|
Term
| Anaerobic respiration produces a maximum of _________ ATP per glucose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many molecules of glucose are produced by each cycle of the light reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffusion is an example of _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| Respiration _________, and cellular respiration _________. |
|
Definition
| is gas exchange... produces ATP |
|
|
Term
| The ultimate source of (nearly) all energy in food produced on Earth is _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A horse eating some hay is an example of _________ |
|
Definition
| a consumer eating a producer. |
|
|
Term
| _________ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cutting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme produces _________ that can be separated by gel electrophoresis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alleles of a gene are found at _________ chromosomes. |
|
Definition
| the same locus on homologous |
|
|
Term
| Which one of the following sequences best describes the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a feature of plant cell division that distinguishes it from animal cell division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can reveal alterations in chromosome number |
|
|
Term
| Translation consists of which of the following? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nondisjunction occurs when |
|
Definition
| members of a chromosome pair fail to seperate |
|
|
Term
| The genetic material is duplicated during |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait of interest. |
|
|
Term
| A color-blind woman mates with a man who is not color-blind. All of the sons and none of the daughters are color-blind. What is the explanation of this result? |
|
Definition
| The gene for color vision is linked to the X chromosome. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best explains why dominant alleles that cause lethal disorders are less common than recessive alleles that cause lethal disorders? |
|
Definition
| Most individuals carrying a lethal dominant allele have the disorder and die before they reproduce, whereas individuals carrying a lethal recessive allele are more likely to be healthy and reproduce. |
|
|
Term
| The production of multiple indentical copies of gene-sized pieces of DNA defines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are sex-linked conditions more common in men than in women? |
|
Definition
| Men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed. |
|
|
Term
| Which one of the following is a difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than asexual reproduction. |
|
|
Term
| Which one of the following is FALSE? Cell division |
|
Definition
| is common in eukaryotes but rare in prokaryotes. |
|
|
Term
| Examine the following sentence. "Where is the cat?" Which one of the following variations of this sentence is most like a chromosomal deletion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses each strand of a DNA molecule as a template for the creation of a new strand. |
|
|
Term
| Which of these is NOT a component of meiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC the corresponding strand would be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I and random fertilization are most like |
|
Definition
| shuffling cards and dealing out hands of poker |
|
|
Term
| The directions for each amino acid in a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of _________ nucleotide(s) in an RNA molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following does NOT enhance genetic diversity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You are asked to culture an unidentified sample of animal tissue. You notice that the cells seem not to exhibit density-dependent inhibition. Which of the following choices would be the most likely source for this tissue sample? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the S phase was eliminated from the cell cycle, the daughter cells would |
|
Definition
| have half the genetic material found in the parental cell |
|
|
Term
| How many sex chromosomes are in the human gamete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A carrier of a genetic disorder who does not show symptoms is most likely to be _________ to transmit it to offspring. |
|
Definition
| heterozygous for the trait and able |
|
|
Term
| Imagine that beak color in finch species is controlled by a single gene. You mate a finch homozygous for orange (pigmented) beak wit ha finch homozygous for ivory (unpigmented) beak and get numerous offspring, all of which have a pale, ivory-orange beak. This pattern of color expression is most likely to be an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genes located close together on the same chromosomes are referred to as _________ genes and generally _________. |
|
Definition
| linked... do not sort independently during meiosis |
|
|
Term
| Which one of the following best describes the sequence of events of translation? |
|
Definition
| Codon recognition--->peptide bond formation--->translocation--->termination |
|
|
Term
| When animal cells are grown in a petri dish, they typically stop dividing once they have formed a single, unbroken layer on the bottom of the dish. This arrest of division is an example of |
|
Definition
| density-dependent inhibition |
|
|
Term
| Approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Varieties of plants in which self-fertilization produces offspring that are identical to the parents are referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asexual reproduction requires _________ individual(s). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin? |
|
Definition
| Human insulin is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction than cow, pig, or horse insulin. |
|
|
Term
| The cell-cycle control system |
|
Definition
| receives messages from outside of the cell that influence cell division, includes three key checkpoints to complete a cell cycle, triggers and controls major events in the cell cycle, is influenced by growth factors that bind to cell receptors |
|
|
Term
| You conduct a dihybrid cross and then testcross the F1 generation. A _________ ratio would make you suspect that the genes are linked. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up on a plane located equidistant from the two spindle poles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you commit a crime, you need to make sure that you do not leave even the smallest speck of blood, hair, etc., from your body behind because if you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by _________, subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consider the following sentence: "The dog did not eat." Which one of the following variations of this sentence is most like a reading frame mutation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is most like a pair of male human sex chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in which phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The phenotypic ratio resulting from a dihybrid cross showing independent assortment is expected to be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genetically modifying _________ cells may directly affect future generations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A person with AB blood illustrates the principle of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile from the liver is stored in the _________ before entering the intestine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stratified squamous epithelium is well suited for |
|
Definition
| lining surfaces subject to abrasion. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the flow of blood in veins? |
|
Definition
| blood pressure generated by the heart |
|
|
Term
| When blood passes by body cells, the body cells |
|
Definition
| take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide to the blood. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following mechanisms does NOT help prevent the gastric juice from digesting the stomach lining? |
|
Definition
| conversion of pepsin into pepsinogen by a chain reaction |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements about erythrocytes is FALSE? |
|
Definition
| the main function of erythrocytes is to carry carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is most likely to be responsible if, when your blood sugar level rose, the level went back down? |
|
Definition
| a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback |
|
|
Term
| Absorption of water is one major function of which of the following structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to the urge to breathe again? |
|
Definition
| rising carbon dioxide concentration |
|
|
Term
| Imagine an invertebrate that lives in an estuary where salinity varies cyclically with the tides. If this animal practices homeostasis with respect to the salt concentration of its body fluids, its salt concentration will show |
|
Definition
| slight fluctuation that are kept within a narrow range |
|
|
Term
| Which one of the following is FALSE? |
|
Definition
| Animals that extract food particles suspended in the surrounding water are called fluid feeders. |
|
|
Term
| Which one of the following is NOT an essential nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the countercurrent exchange systems of fish gills, |
|
Definition
| the blood and water flow in opposite directions. |
|
|
Term
| Which organ system removes the nitrogen-containing waste products from blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liquid part of blood is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most nutrient absorption occurs in which part of the digestive system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which one of the following is the stage of food processing that removes undigested material from the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which one of the following is most closely associated with the digestive, respiratory, and excretory systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most gastric ulcers are caused by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A main function of most types of epithelial tissue is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The esophagus and trachea both open into the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Certain amino acids are called essential because they |
|
Definition
| cannot be made from other amino acids by the animal in question. |
|
|
Term
| An alimentary canal is best defined as |
|
Definition
| a tube-shaped digestive compartment that has two openings and through which food moves in one direction |
|
|
Term
| Which muscle tissue type is responsible for voluntary movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lung back to the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an open circulatory system, |
|
Definition
| there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following correctly lists the order of the organs of the human digestive system? |
|
Definition
| oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
|
|
Term
| Human saliva performs all the following functions EXCEPT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result from the death of cardiac muscle cells. |
|
|
Term
| Blood flow through capillaries is controlled by |
|
Definition
| precapillary sphincters and smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles. |
|
|
Term
| The connection between structure and _________ is a basic concept of biology. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood clots are formed by platelets and which plasma protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organisms suffering from malnourishment have a diet deficient in |
|
Definition
| one or more of the essential nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| Which of these is an example of positive feedback? |
|
Definition
| labor pains increasing in frequency and intensity |
|
|
Term
| The main function of the AV node is to |
|
Definition
| relay the signal to contract to the ventricles. |
|
|
Term
| The tracheal system of an insect is most like which of the following? |
|
Definition
| The air duct system in a building. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of tissue forms a communication and coordination system within the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of blood vessel is solely responsible for exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of vessel has the lowest blood velocity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following choices lists the correct path of carbon dioxide moving out from the interior of the body? |
|
Definition
| alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx |
|
|
Term
| Which one of the following is a hormone produced by adipose cells and which normally helps to control appetites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Essential fatty acids are |
|
Definition
| those fatty acids that we are unable to synthesize and that must be included in our diet. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical and mechanical breakdown of food. |
|
|
Term
| Arteries are distinguished from veins based on all of the following features EXCEPT |
|
Definition
| the amount of oxygen present in the blood. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of connective tissue has a liquid matrix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to nutrient macromolecules in an animal's digestive tract? |
|
Definition
| Nutrient macromolecules are digested to monomers before absorption. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following structures is greatly expanded in size in a koala, resulting in a very large region for prokaryotes to digest plant material? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following nutrients does NOT begin undergoing digestion until it reaches the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which one of the following types of tissues stores fat in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following provides evidence that modern species have evolved from prior species? |
|
Definition
| Comparative embryology, biogeography, molecular biology, comparative anatomy |
|
|
Term
| The degree of adaptation that can occur in a population is limited by |
|
Definition
| the amount and kind of genetic variation in a population. |
|
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Term
| Broccoli and cabbages are both descended from the same wild mustard and can be interbreed. The existence of these two vegetables is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| Gene flow is accomplished by _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Structures that evolved from the same structure in an ancestor are |
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Definition
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Term
| Which one of the following statements is true? |
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Definition
| Natural selection works on variation already present in a population. |
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Term
| Which one of the following was NOT a main idea that Darwin advanced in his works? |
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Definition
| New species can form by inheritance of acquired characteristics. |
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Term
| By studying fossils in strata from many locations, scientists can learn about |
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Definition
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Term
| Long-legged cheetahs are well adapted to catching prey. The ancestor of the cheetah is believed to have had relatively short legs. According to Darwinian views, the evolution of long-legged cheetahs is best explained by |
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Definition
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Term
| Ever since Darwin, systematics has tried to |
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Definition
| provide a hierarchal classification system that reflects evolutionary relationships. |
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Term
| Genetics drift resulting from a disaster that drastically reduces population size is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Natural selection can be defined as _________ |
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Definition
| descent with modification. |
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Term
| Fitness increases when an organism |
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Definition
| passes on a greater proportion of its genes to the next generation. |
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Term
| Which one of the following best expresses the concept of natural selection? |
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Definition
| differential reproductive success |
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Term
| Your family is taking a long driving vacation across the midwestern and western United States. As you travel, you notice that the flowers, birds, and trees of the Midwest and the Rocky Mountains are very different. As you ponder why, you remember that such differences in the distribution of species are part of the field of _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The original source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for natural selection is _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the alleles of all of the genes within a population defines that population's _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| A change in the relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool of a population is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Which one of the following is FALSE? Natural selection |
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Definition
| results from an organism's needs. |
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Term
| The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of |
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Definition
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Definition
| the smallest unit that can evolve. |
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Term
| Which one of the following people developed a theory of evolution identical to Darwin's? |
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Definition
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Term
| A period of mass extinction is often followed by |
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Definition
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Term
| Which one of the following represents two structures tat are homologous? |
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Definition
| the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale |
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Term
| During the _________, over 95% of marine species and many terrestrial species became extinct. |
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Definition
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Term
| Natural selection and the ability to generate perfection are limited by all of the following EXCEPT that |
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Definition
| organisms with the greatest fitness often don't reproduce. |
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Term
| Genetic differences between populations tend to be reduced by |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is the process by which species not closely related may come to resemble one another if they live in a similar environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| The fossil record shows all of following EXCEPT that |
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Definition
| the first life forms were eukaryotes. |
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Term
| A rabbit population consists of animals that are either very dark on top or very light on top. When examining them closely, biologists were surprised to find no rabbit with medium darkness, intermediate to the two extremes. This is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| Thirty people are assigned to live in a spaceship that is exploring other galaxies. The journey will take several hundred years and will be completed by the descendants of these crew members. The gene pool of the population on this ship when it returns is most likely to reflect |
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Definition
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Term
| The similarities in function of hummingbird wings and the wings of a butterfly reflect |
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Definition
| analogy but not homology. |
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Term
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Definition
| subdivides the prokaryotes into 2 different domains. |
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Term
| A Type I survivorship curve is the result of which of the following life-history traits? |
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Definition
| Parents provide extended care for their young. |
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Term
| You drive through Iowa in the spring and notice that every fence post for 3 km has a male redwing blackbird on it defending its nesting territory. This is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the runoff from fertilized agricultural fields, even if free of pesticides, often harmful to the ecosystems of temperate lakes? |
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Definition
| The runoff causes a surface algal bloom, which leads to decomposers using up the lake's oxygen. |
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Term
| If an ecosystem has a carrying capacity of 1,000 individuals, and 2,000 individuals of that species are present, we can predict that the population |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following frequently cycles through the environment, bypassing biotic components and relying completely on geological processes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of the best agricultural soils in the United States occur in areas that formerly were |
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Definition
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Term
| A survivorship curve is a |
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Definition
| graph that plots an individual's likelihood of being alive as a function of age. |
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Term
| The increase in the concentration of a substance in the tissues of organisms as it is passed by a food chain is called |
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Definition
| biological magnification. |
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Term
| The relationship between cattle and the birds that eat insects stirred up by grazing cattle is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| Using living organisms to clean up polluted ecosystems is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| The single greatest threat to biodiversity is |
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Definition
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Term
| Fresh water and seawater mix into a(n) |
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Definition
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Term
| The aspect of conservation ecology concerned with returning degraded ecosystems (as nearly as possible) to their predegraded state is |
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Definition
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Term
| The maximum number of individuals a habitat can support is called the |
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Definition
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Term
| The kind of vegetation is generally determined by the amount of |
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Definition
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Term
| A sperm whale in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean is in which oceanic zone? |
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Definition
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Term
| When a New England farm is abandoned, its formerly plowed fields first become weedy meadows, then shrubby areas, and finally forest. This sequence of plant communities is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| Which one of the following is NOT characteristic of the chaparral biome? |
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Definition
| Low amounts of rainfall at unpredictable periods throughout the year. |
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Term
| Given that CO2 is produced by respiration, why dos the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere remain relatively constant? (When answering this question exclude the impact of human activities on atmospheric CO2.) |
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Definition
| CO2 is converted in photosynthesis to carbohydrates. |
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Term
| The sum of all Earth's ecosystems is called the |
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Definition
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Term
| The number of species in a community is called |
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Definition
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Term
| A community is made up of |
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Definition
| potentially interacting populations of different kinds of organisms. |
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Term
| A country with an age structure diagram with a base smaller than most of the next higher levels is experiencing |
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Definition
| negative population growth. |
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Term
| The greatest annual input and least seasonal variation in solar radiation occurs in the |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is an ecological problem that can be caused by fertilizing a golf course with phosphorus-rich fertilizer? |
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Definition
| Phosphorus runoff can cause heavy growth of algae and cyanobacteria in lakes and rivers. |
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Term
| The greatest crisis ever faced by humans is probably |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following biomes is dominated by evergreen trees adapted to surviving long, harsh winters, and wet summers? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a food chain consisting of phytoplnakton--->zooplankton--->fish--->fishermen, the fishermen are |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary goal of conservation biology is to |
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Definition
| counter the loss of biodiversity. |
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Term
| Which of the following choices does NOT correctly pair a biome with some of its characteristics? |
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Definition
| savanna-long, cold winters, vegetation dominated by conifers |
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Term
| What is the age structure of a population? |
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Definition
| The proportion of individuals in different age groups. |
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Term
| In many dense forests, plants living near the ground level engage in intense competition for |
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Definition
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Term
| Assume that there are five alligators per acre in a swamp in northern Florida. This is a measure of the alligator population's |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same |
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Definition
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Term
| The major factor in tropical deforestation is |
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Definition
| people clearing forests to open agricultural lands. |
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Term
| The prokaryotes that cause tooth decay have a __________ relationship with humans. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| are likely to exhibit low levels of genetic diversity. |
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Term
| Which of the following could NOT be a topic for a community-level study of a hydrothermal vent ecosystem? |
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Definition
| Evolution of bacteria in response to changing vent composition. |
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Term
| A newly mated queen ant establishes an ant nest in an unoccupied patch of suitable habitat. Assuming that no disasters strike the nest, which of the following types of equation is likely to best describe its population growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Species found in only one place on Earth are called __________ species. |
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Definition
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Term
| The differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community is called |
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Definition
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Term
| An ecologist hypothesizes that predation by a particular owl species is the major factor controlling the population of a particular rabbit species. A good preliminary step in testing this hypothesis would be to determine |
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Definition
| whether the owls eat the rabbits. |
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Term
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Definition
| will require global, multinational cooperation; will require making difficult decisions regarding the environment and lifestyle; will require many humans to change their value systems; must be achieved if the human species is to survive. |
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Term
| The relationship between a cow and the cellulose digesting bacteria in the rumen of its gut would best be described as |
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Definition
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Term
| Which level of ecologic organization incorporates abiotic factors? |
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Definition
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Term
| We expect that a keystone species that is a predator will |
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Definition
| maintain the species diversity in a community. |
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Term
| In an average ecosystem, about how much energy is present in the organisms at a given trophic level compared to the organisms at the next higher trophic level? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is the factor that is fundamentally responsible for the character of arctic tundra soils? |
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Definition
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Term
| The feeding relationships among the species of a community is the community's |
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Definition
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Term
| Small areas that exhibit exceptionally high species diversity are referred to as |
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Definition
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