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Make objective observations
define the problem or question
form hypothesis
make predictions and design a study
make observations/collect data
analyze data and draw conclusions |
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Organisms exhibit variation
scientists study a sample
samples must be representative of the entire population
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| How to reduce sampling error |
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| use random (unbiased) and large samples |
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aka: alternative hypothesis
the differences observed between two populations are caused by a factor that is affecting the populations |
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uses null hypothesis
the differences observed between two populations are caused by chance alone |
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| How do biologists use statistics to study populations? |
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| make inferences about the entire population based on samples |
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| measures of central tendency |
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Mean - average
Median - center Value |
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| range - minimum and maximum values |
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| variance and standard deviation |
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| Identify variables in study |
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Independent: hypothesized to affect dependent
dependent: hypothesized to be affected by independent
Controlled: could alter results of experiment if not kept constant |
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continuous: mass, height, temperature (decimals)
Discrete: integers, number of leaves, spots |
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| color, tree species, relative height, |
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assess the probability that the observed difference in the sample means of two populations is probably a real one.
statistically sagnificant, not due to random variation |
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| there is not difference between means (any observed difference is due to chance) |
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