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Bio 107
Chapter 1: Power Point 6
45
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/11/2012

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Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
one of the four types of macromolecules in cells: carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
Term
macromolecule
Definition
large molecule made up of many small molecules that are linked to each other
Term
Starch
Definition
stores energy in plants
Term
glycogen
Definition
stores energy in animals
Term
glucose
Definition
fuel source for cells
Term
cellulose
Definition
structural support in plant cell walls
Term
chitin 
Definition
structural support in fungi cell walls and external skeletens of insects and crustaceans
Term
deoxyribose
Definition
part of DNA
Term
chemical formula for carbohydrates
Definition

(CH2O)n 

where n= the number of carbon-hydrate groups

Term
carbohydrates store energy in bonds with...
Definition
high potential energy: C-C bonds and C-H bonds
Term
why do C-C bonds and C-H bonds have high potential energy levels?
Definition
because the atoms have about the same electronegativity so the electrons in the covalent bond are equally shared
Term
Which functional groups are commonly found on a carbohydrate?
Definition

Many hydroxyl groups (-OH) location and number varies 

Carbonyl group, location varies

Term
length of carbohydrate varies
Definition

number of carbon atoms such as:

Trioses

Pentose

Hexose

Term

Trioses

Pentose

Hexose

Definition

three-carbon

five-carbon

six-carbon

Term
spatial arrangement of atoms varies
Definition

where the atoms are physically located on a molecule

Important because spatial arrangement can affect function

the shape of a molecule affects how it interacts with other molecules

Term
Chain versus Ring form varies
Definition

when dissolved in water. 

carbohydrates are rarely in the chain form

usually form rings in aqueous solution

Term
the varation seen within carbohydrates is made possible because of
Definition

the location of the carboxyl group, and the location and number of hydroxyl groups vary

length of carbohydrate varies

spatial arrangement of carbohydrate varies

chain form versus ring form varies

Term
Monomer
Definition
a small molecule that can covalently bind to other similar molecules and form a polymer
Term
Polymer
Definition
monomers connected by covalent bonds 
Term
polymerization
Definition
bonding monomers together to form a polymer
Term
Metabolism
Definition
chemical reaction in a cell
Term
Dehydration Reaction
Definition

aka, condensation reaction. Polymerization

 

Term
Glycosidic linkage
Definition

specific dehydration reaction

covalent bond forms between two hydroxyl groups

Term
what does each dehydration reaction require?
Definition

energy

a specific enzyme

Term
Metabolism
Definition
chemical reaction in a cell
Term
Depolymeration
Definition
breaking polymers apart into monomers
Term
hydrolysis reaction
Definition

breaks a bond by adding a water molecule

releases energy, each reaction requires a specific enzyme

depolymerization

Term
monosaccharide
Definition

monomers, small carbohydrate that cannot go through hydrolysis to form smaller carbohydrates

examples: glucose, galactose, and ribose

Term
Disaccharide
Definition
two monosaccharides linked together: the simpliest kind of polysaccharide
Term
polysaccharide
Definition

polymer made when many monosaccharides are linked together

starch, cellulose and glycogen

Term
cellulose
Definition

main component of plant cell walls

made of B-glucose monomers

covalentley bonded into a long, linear strand

Term
Hydrogen bonds
Definition
form between the glucose monomers in the parallel cellulose strands, providing strength, and structural support
Term
Chitin more information
Definition

main component of fungal cell walls and external skeleton of insects and crustaceans

polymer made of a monosaccharide that is similar to glucose but with an extra side chain

long linear strands

Term
structural polysaccharide common characteristics
Definition

long, linear strands of polysaccharides are cross-linked by hydrogen bonds or covalent bonds. 

all have B-form orientation of monomers, and few organisms have the specific enzymes needed to break the bond in the B-form

Term

Plants store carbohydrates as starch in cells 

 

Definition

Starch is a linear polymer made of a-glucose that coils into a helix

mixture of branched and unbranched

Term
storage polysaccharide: glucose
Definition

animals store carbohydrates as glycogen in cells

glycogen is a linear polymer made of a-glucose that coils into a helix 

glycogen is more highly branched

Term
Role of carbohydrates
Definition

1. carbohydrates are a key componenent in structures of a cell, providing strength, support, and protection - structural polysaccharides

2. energy storage: storage polysaccharide

3. used as building blocks to synthesize more complex molecules.

Term
nucleotide has three components
Definition

phosphate group

5-carbon sugar

nitrogenous base

Term
Phosphate
Definition

connected to the 5' carbon of the sugar

phosphate is negatively charged

Term
RNA sugar
Definition

Ribose

Hydroxyl group on the 2' carbon

Term
DNA sugar
Definition

deoxyribose

hydrogen on 2' carbon

Term
difference in hydroxyl and functional group leads to 
Definition

structural and functional differences between RNA and DNA.

RNA can do more chemical reactions with -OH

DNA is more stable without -OH

Term
Pyrimidines
Definition
have one common nitrogen ring
Term
Purines
Definition
have 2 carbon/nitrogen rigns
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