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| one of the four types of macromolecules in cells: carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids |
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| large molecule made up of many small molecules that are linked to each other |
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| structural support in plant cell walls |
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| structural support in fungi cell walls and external skeletens of insects and crustaceans |
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| chemical formula for carbohydrates |
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Definition
(CH2O)n
where n= the number of carbon-hydrate groups |
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| carbohydrates store energy in bonds with... |
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Definition
| high potential energy: C-C bonds and C-H bonds |
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| why do C-C bonds and C-H bonds have high potential energy levels? |
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Definition
| because the atoms have about the same electronegativity so the electrons in the covalent bond are equally shared |
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| Which functional groups are commonly found on a carbohydrate? |
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Definition
Many hydroxyl groups (-OH) location and number varies
Carbonyl group, location varies |
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| length of carbohydrate varies |
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Definition
number of carbon atoms such as:
Trioses
Pentose
Hexose |
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Definition
three-carbon
five-carbon
six-carbon |
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| spatial arrangement of atoms varies |
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Definition
where the atoms are physically located on a molecule
Important because spatial arrangement can affect function
the shape of a molecule affects how it interacts with other molecules |
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| Chain versus Ring form varies |
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Definition
when dissolved in water.
carbohydrates are rarely in the chain form
usually form rings in aqueous solution |
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| the varation seen within carbohydrates is made possible because of |
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Definition
the location of the carboxyl group, and the location and number of hydroxyl groups vary
length of carbohydrate varies
spatial arrangement of carbohydrate varies
chain form versus ring form varies |
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Definition
| a small molecule that can covalently bind to other similar molecules and form a polymer |
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| monomers connected by covalent bonds |
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| bonding monomers together to form a polymer |
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| chemical reaction in a cell |
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aka, condensation reaction. Polymerization
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specific dehydration reaction
covalent bond forms between two hydroxyl groups |
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| what does each dehydration reaction require? |
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Definition
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Definition
| chemical reaction in a cell |
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Definition
| breaking polymers apart into monomers |
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Definition
breaks a bond by adding a water molecule
releases energy, each reaction requires a specific enzyme
depolymerization |
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monomers, small carbohydrate that cannot go through hydrolysis to form smaller carbohydrates
examples: glucose, galactose, and ribose |
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| two monosaccharides linked together: the simpliest kind of polysaccharide |
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polymer made when many monosaccharides are linked together
starch, cellulose and glycogen |
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main component of plant cell walls
made of B-glucose monomers
covalentley bonded into a long, linear strand |
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| form between the glucose monomers in the parallel cellulose strands, providing strength, and structural support |
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Definition
main component of fungal cell walls and external skeleton of insects and crustaceans
polymer made of a monosaccharide that is similar to glucose but with an extra side chain
long linear strands |
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| structural polysaccharide common characteristics |
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Definition
long, linear strands of polysaccharides are cross-linked by hydrogen bonds or covalent bonds.
all have B-form orientation of monomers, and few organisms have the specific enzymes needed to break the bond in the B-form |
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Term
Plants store carbohydrates as starch in cells
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Definition
Starch is a linear polymer made of a-glucose that coils into a helix
mixture of branched and unbranched |
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| storage polysaccharide: glucose |
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Definition
animals store carbohydrates as glycogen in cells
glycogen is a linear polymer made of a-glucose that coils into a helix
glycogen is more highly branched |
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Term
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Definition
1. carbohydrates are a key componenent in structures of a cell, providing strength, support, and protection - structural polysaccharides
2. energy storage: storage polysaccharide
3. used as building blocks to synthesize more complex molecules. |
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| nucleotide has three components |
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Definition
phosphate group
5-carbon sugar
nitrogenous base |
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connected to the 5' carbon of the sugar
phosphate is negatively charged |
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Ribose
Hydroxyl group on the 2' carbon |
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deoxyribose
hydrogen on 2' carbon |
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| difference in hydroxyl and functional group leads to |
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Definition
structural and functional differences between RNA and DNA.
RNA can do more chemical reactions with -OH
DNA is more stable without -OH |
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Definition
| have one common nitrogen ring |
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Term
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Definition
| have 2 carbon/nitrogen rigns |
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