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Bio 107 test #1
N/A
111
Biology
Undergraduate 2
02/01/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

Seven themes of Biology

Definition

1. Organized

 

2. Require energy

 

3. Maintain Regulation

 

4. Adapt/Evolution

 

5. Respond to environment

 

6. Grow and Develop

 

7. Reproduce

 

Term

 

 

Life Property 1.

Levels of Biological Organization

Definition
  1. The biosphere:made of all environments on Earth inhabited by life
  2. Ecosystems: all living things in an area, and nonliving components that interact with living
  3. Communities:organisms in an ecosystem
  4. Populations: individuals in a species in an area
  5. Organisms: Individual living things
  6. Organs/Organ systems: carry out functions in body
  7. Tissues: make up organs
  8. Cells
  9. Organelles: functional components that make up cells
  10. Molecules: chemical structure, ex: DNA, RNA
Term

 

 

 

Systems Biology
Definition
  • Studying an entire system (combo of components that function together)
  • GOAL: construct models for whol biological systems->predict change in variables, affect on system
Term

 

 

 

 

 Life Property 2.

Require Energy

 

Definition
  • Energy Flow
  • Nutrient Cycle
  • ATP(cellular work energy)
  • Animals: glucose and triglycerides
  • Plants: photosynthesis (ATP+food)
  • Bacteria: sugars(fruit, milk, glucose)
Term

 

 

 

 

Life Property 3.

Maintain Regulation

Definition
  • Feedback: keep in equilibrium->product of process regulates process
  • Negative Feedback: accumulation of end product of a process slows that process (ex: making ATP, inhibits enzyme when there is too much)
  • Positive Feedback: end product speeds up production (ex: blood clotting)
Term

 

 

 

Life Property 4.

Adapt/Evolve to survive

Definition
  • Organisms today are modified descendants of common ancestors. (shared traits = common ancestors)
  • Ex: elephant tusk size->large tusk elephants killed, shorter tusked left to reproduce
Term

 

 

 

Life Property 5.

Respond to their Environment

Definition
Examples:
  • plants turn to sunlight
  • Nerves: touch/feel pain = human response
  •  Flagella: sperm/bacteria
  • Cilia: movement toward/away
Term

 

 

 

 

Life Property 6.

Grow and Develop

Definition
  • Mitosis: constantly forming new cells
Term

 

 

 

 

Life Property 7.

Reproduction

Definition
  • cell cycle = meiosis
  • DNA: double helix made of nucleotides
  • Controls protein production (RNA)
Term

 

 

 

Elements in Human Body

Definition
  • 4 major: Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen

  • Others: Calcuim, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesiu,
Term

 

 

Element

Definition

 

 

 

substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

Term

 

 

 

Compound

Definition

 

 

 

a substance consisting of 2 or more different elements comdined in a fixed ratio (table salt)

Term

 

 

 

Trace Elements

Definition

 

 

 

Elements required by an organism only in minimum quanities (ex: iron, iodine only .15mm)

Term

 

 

 

 

Covalent Bonds

Definition
  • Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms
  • Molecule: 2+atoms held together by covalent bonds
  • Single bond: one pair of shared electrons
  • Double bond: two pairs of valence electrons (ex: oxygen and hydrogen)
  • Valence: number of unpair valence electrons
Term

 

 

 

Ionic Bonds

Definition
  • one atom(Na, 1 valence) with lone valence electron gives to another atom(Cl, 7 valence) to fill outer shell
  • atoms become charged ions (cation, anion)
  • Compounds formed by ionic bonds=ionic compounds, salts (NaCl)
Term

 

 

 

Hydrogen Bonds

Definition
  • Hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

  • ex: Hydrogen on water molecule bonded to nitrogen of ammonia molecule
Term

 

 

 

Disulfide Bonds

Definition

 

  • Bridge
  • found in rough ER in cells
  • secretory proteins, lysosomal proteins, and the exoplasmic domains of membrane proteins.

 

 

Term

 

 

Glycosidic Bonds

Definition

 

 

 

In Carbohydrates

Term

 

 

 

Ester Bonds

Definition

 

 

 

 

Triglycerides

Term

 

 

 

Peptide Bonds

Definition

 

 

 

Proteins (between amino acids)

Term

 

 

 

Phosphodieste

Definition

 

 

 

DNA, mRNA

Term

 

 

 

Water's bond

Definition
  • Polar molecule: opposite ends of molecule have opposite charges (O=-, H=+)
  • Attraction = electrical (H+ attracted to O- of another molecule)
  • 2 water molecules held together by: HYDROGEN BOND
Term

 

 

Hydrogen Bonds in LIQUID form of water are...

Definition
  • very fragile
  • 1/20th as strong as covelant bonds
  • constantly breaking and forming new bonds
  • makes water more structured than other liquids
  • COHESION: hydrogen bonds hold water together
Term

 

 

Cohesion

Definition
  • Hydrogen bonds hold water together
  • helps transport of water and nutrients against gravity in plants
Term

 

 

Adhesion

Definition
  • clinging of one substance to another
Term

 

 

 

Surface Tension

Definition
  • measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
  • Water = greater surface tension than most liquids
Term

 

 

 

water: Moderation of Temperature

Definition
  • water absorbs heat from air
Term

 

 

 

Water as a SOLID

Definition
  • Less dense as a solid than as liquid due to HYDROGEN BONDING
  • Water expands as solid
Term

 

 

Properties/Functions of Water

Definition
  1. Form Bonds
  2. Break Bonds
  3. Transport Molecules/substances
  4. High heat carrying capacity
  5. Cooling
  6. pH
  7. Lubrication
  8. Cushion
Term

 

 

Water Property #1:

 

Forming Bonds

Definition
  • condensation reaction
Term

 

 

Water Property #2:

 

Break bonds

Definition
  • Hydrolysis reaction
Term

 

 

 

Water Property #3:

 

Transport molecules/substances

Definition
  • EXAMPLES: glucose, amino acids, proteins, vitamins, minerals
Term

 

 

Hydration Shell

Definition

 

 

sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion in a solution

Term

 

 

Water Property #4:

 

High heat carrying capacity

Definition
  • Hydrogen bonds:good ability to absorb heat from air, can release stored air that is cooler 
Term

 

 

Water Property #5:

 

Cooling system

Definition
  • "sweat": bodies releasing of water to cool (zinc and salt)
  • Homeostasis
Term

 

 

 

Water Property #6:

 

pH

Definition
  • Potential Hydrogen
  • H2O->H++OH-
Term

 

 

Water Property #7:

 

Lubrication

Definition
  • Water in joints
  • water in eyes
Term

 

 

 

Water Property #8:

 

Cushion

Definition
  • Spinal Cord
  • Amniotic fluid
Term

 

 

Diffusion

Definition
  • tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out evenly into the available space
  •  

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Osmosis

Definition
  • diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
  • movement of water across cell membranes, balance of water between cell and environment
Term

 

 

Isotonic Environment

Definition
  • No net movement of water across the plasma membrane
Term

 

 

Hypotonic Environment

Definition
  • Water diffuses inward
  • higher concentration inside the cell, so water enters cell to balance
Term

 

 

Hypertonic Environment

Definition
  • Water diffuses out of cell
  • Low concentration inside cell, so water diffuses out of cell
Term
Carbon electron set up
Definition
  • Completes valence electrons by sharing 4 w/other atoms
  • acts as intersection point for atoms in 4 directions
Term
4 variations of carbon skeletons
Definition
  1. Length: # of carbons in a line
  2. Branching (branched/unbranched)
  3. Double Bonds: double bonds, vary in location
  4. Rings:
Term
Hydrocarbons
Definition
  • Molecule consisting of only carbons and hydrogens
  • simplest organic molecules
  • IN FAT MOLECULES:one non hydrocarbon connected w/ 3 hydrocarbon tails
Term
Functional Groups
Definition
  • attachments that replace one or more of the hydrogens bonded to the carbon skeleton of the hydrocarbon
Term

6 Functional Groups

 

(all hydrophilic->increase solubility of organic compounds in water)

Definition
  1. Hydroxyl
  2. Carbonyl
  3. Carboxyl
  4. Amino
  5. Sulfhydryl
  6. Phosphate
Term
Hydroxyl group Structure
Definition
  • -OH
  • hydrogen atom bonded to oxygen atom->bonded to carbon skeleton or organic molecule
 
Term
Hydroxyl: Name of compounds
Definition
  • Alcohols (names ending in -ol)
Term
Hydroxyl: functional properties
Definition
  • POLAR: b/c of electronegative oxygen atom pulling electrons to it
  • Attracts water molecules (helps dissolve organic molecules, like sugars)
Term
Carbonyl group structure
Definition
  • >C=O
  • Carbon atom joined to oxygen atom by double bond
Term
Name of Carbonyl Compounds
Definition
  • Ketones: if carbonyl group is within carbon skeleton
  • Aldehydes: if carbonyl group is at end of carbon skeleton
Term
Carbonyl functional properties
Definition
  • ketones and aldehydes are isomers (different properties) thus making different carbonyls
  • EXAMPLE: acetone and propanal
Term
Carboxyl group function
Definition
  • oxygen atom double bonded with carbon
  • and carbon bonded with hydroxyl group
  • -COOH
        O
       //   
     -C
        \
        OH
Term
Name of Carboxyl compounds
Definition
  • Caroxylic acids (organic acids)
Term
Carboxyl functional properties
Definition
  • Acidic properties(b/c source of hydrogen ions)
  • Covalent bond btwn O and H is so POLAR: that H+ dissociate
  • found in cells in ionic form (carboxylate group)
Term
Amino group example
Definition
  • Glycine
  • both amine and carboxyl groups
  • compounds with both groups =AMINO ACID
Term
Name of amino compounds
Definition
  • Amines
Term
Amino group functional properties
Definition
  • Acts as a base (can pick up proton from surrounding solution)
  • Ionized with a charge of +1 when in cells
Term
Sulfhydryl group compounds
Definition
  • Thiols
Term
Sulfhydryl group EXAMPLES
Definition
  • Ethanethiol
Term
Sulfydryl functional properties
Definition
  • 2 sulfhydryl groups can interact to stabilize protein structure
  • helps to stabilize and/or form proteins by producing disulfide bonds
Term
Phosphate group compound name
Definition
  • Organic phosphates
Term
Phosphate group examples
Definition
  • Glycerol phosphate
  • ATP: adenosine triphosphate
Term
Phosphate functional properties
Definition
  • Makes the molecule it is connected to an anion
  • can transfer energy btwn organic molecules
  • Required to form ATP and backbone of DNA and mRNA
Term
Polymer
Definition
  • long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
Term
Monomers
Definition
  • building blocks of polymers (small molecules)
Term
Condensation Reaction: dehydration reaction
Definition
  • 2 molecules are covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule
  • dehydration b/c molecule lost a water
  • PROCESS OF POLYMER PRODUCTION
Term
Bond between 2 monomers (part of dehydration rxn):
Definition
  • each monomer contribute part of water molecule lost in condensation reaction
  • 1 monomer provides hydroxyl group (-OH)
  • 1 monomer provides a hydrogen (-H)
  • HOW POLYMERS ARE MADE
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
  • Breaking apart polymers
  • bonds btwn monomers broken by adding water
Term
Four main classes of macromolecules
Definition
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids
Term
Carbohydrates Monomers
Definition
  • Monosaccharides (major nutrients in cells):
  • Glucose, Galactose->ATP
  • Fructose
  • Ribose->DNA,RNA
  • Ribulose->photosynthesis
Term
Carbohydrates Polymers
Definition
  • Dissaccharides
  • Maltose (glucose+glucose)
  • Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
  • Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Term
Carbohydrates Function
Definition
  • energy/ATP (fuel)
  • cellular work
  • transport
  • storage
Term
Carbohydrate polymer (2)
Definition
  • Polysaccharides
  1. 1-4(alpha) linkage: Starch (glucose monomers)
  2. 1-4 beta linkage: cellulose (cell walls in plants)
  3. Glycogen (storage of glucose in humans)
Glycogen = long chain of glucose
Term
Carbohydrate BOND
Definition
  • Glycosidic linkage: covalent bond btwn 2 monosaccharides (dehydration reaction)
Term
Lipid Types
Definition
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Cholesterol
Term
Triglyceride monomer
Definition
  • Glycerol->3 fatty acid chains
  • Glycerol = 3 carbons+hydroxyl group
Term
Triglyceride polymer
Definition
  • Triglyceride (created w/ester bond in condensation rxn)
  • Glycerol+3 fatty acid chains
Term
Triglyceride Function
Definition
  • ATP Energy/energy storage
  • Insulation
  • Protection
  • Digest carbohydrates/sugars
Term
Saturated fatty acids
Definition
  • no double bonds btwn carbon atoms->many hydrogen atoms as possible bonded to carbon skeleton
Term
Triglyceride bonds
Definition
  • Ester bond (between glycerol and fatty acid chains)
Term
Phospholipid monomer
Definition
  • Glycerol, Phosphate(negative charge), 2 fatty acid chains
Term
Properties of all Lipids
Definition
  • no affinity for water (hydrophobic)
  • consist of mostly hydrocarbons
  • highly varied in form and function
Term
bilayer structure of phospholipids
Definition
  • Hydrocarbon tails=hydrophobic
  • phosphate group attached=hydrophilic
Term
Phospholipid polymer and function
Definition
  • cell membranes
  • all cell membranes are phospholipids in animal, plant, bacteria and organelles)
Term
Cholesterol function
Definition
  • sex hormones (estradial+testosterone)
  • cell membrane in animals(prevents freezing)
  • vitamin D precursor
  • Bile precursor (released into digestive tract when eat something fatty)
  • other steroid synthesis
Term
Cholesterol properties
Definition
  • carbon skeleton=ring shaped (4 fused rings) with connected functional groups
Term

Protein functions

(STRUCTURE DICTATES FUNCTION)

Definition
  • speed up chemical rxns
  • structural support
  • storage
  • transport
  • cellular communications
  • movement
  • defense
Term
Enzymatic protein function
Definition
  • Selective acceleration of chemical rxns
  • EX: digestive enzymes break down food
Term
Structural proteins functions
Definition
  • Support
  • EX: Keritin protein=hair,nails
  • EX: Collagen+elastin=framework of connective tissues
Term
Storage protein functions
Definition
  • Store AMINO ACIDS
  • EX: Ovalbumin protein of egg white, amino acid source for developing egg
Term
Transport protein function
Definition
  • Transport other substances
  • EX: Hemoglobin in blood transports oxygen from lungs to body
  • EX: other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes
Term
Hormonal protein functions
Definition
  • Coordination of organism activities
  • EX: insulin regulates concentration of sugar in blood
Term
Receptor protein functions
Definition
  • response of cell to cheimcal stimuli
  • EX: receptors in membrane of nerve cell detect chemical signals from other nerve cells
Term
Contractile and motor protein functions
Definition
  • Movement
  • Actin and myosin=muscle movement

Term

Defensive protein function

Definition
  • Protect against disease
  • EX: Antibodies combat viruses and disease
Term
Protein monomer
Definition
  • amino acids (20 different amino acids)
Term
Protein polymers
Definition
  • Polypeptides
  • proteins have one or more that are folded and coiled in specific ways
Term
Protein BOND
Definition
  • Peptide bonds
  • When carboxyl group and amino group from different amino acids go through condensation rxn, removing water molecule
Term
Structure of amino acids
Definition
  • CONTAINS: amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom and variable group
Term
Primary protein structure
Definition
  • long chain of amino acids
  • like order of letters in a word
  • inherited by genetic information(not random linking of amino acids)
  • Determines protein shape
  • least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding
Term
Secondary protein structure
Definition
  • coils and folds in polypeptide chain in repeating configurations
  • hydrogen bonds between H+in amino acids
  1. Alpha helix: Coil, hydrogen bond between every 4th amino acid
  2. Beta pleated sheet: fold, hydrogen bonds(Hair) between 2 polypeptide chains side by side(skin, connective tissue)
Term
Tertiary protein structure
Definition
  • Overall shape of polypeptide resulting from interactions between side chains
  • 3 dimensional
Term
Quaternary Protein Structure
Definition
  • overall protein structure that results from collection of polypeptide subunits
  • EX: collagen, hemoglobin
Term
Nucleic acid monomer
Definition
  • Nucleotide
  • PO4(phosphate group)+5 carbon sugar+nitrogenous base
Term
Nucleic acid polymer
Definition
  • polynucleotides
  • DNA=phosphate group, deoxyribose(5Csugar), nitrogenous bases(adenin, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
  • RNA=phosphate group, ribose(5Csugar), nitrogenous bases (cytosine, uracil, adenine, guanine)
Term
Nucleic Acid BOND
Definition
  • Phosphodiester bond (made from condensation rxn)
Term
Role of DNA
Definition
  • Store information for the synthesis of specific proteins
  • stores info programming cells activities
Term
Role of RNA
Definition
  • Carries genetic information from DNA to protein making machine in cell
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