Term
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Definition
| energy in the cell. Turns into ADP + P through cellular respiration |
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Definition
| macromolecule that acts as a catalyst |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed |
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Term
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Definition
| energy required to start a reaction by breaking bonds. In organisims catalysts are used to lower Ea barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactant an enzyme acts on |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme and substrate when bonded. enzyme converts substrate to product |
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Term
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Definition
| where enzyme binds to substrate. substrate held in by hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| active site changes to fit substrate better |
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Term
| Effect of temperature on enzymes |
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Definition
| increases productivity until temp gets too high and then it makes bonds fall apart so that substrate is not held in active site. |
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Term
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Definition
| nonprotein enzyme helpers |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical that competes for active site on enzyme. |
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Term
| Noncompetitive inhibitors |
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Definition
| attaches to different part of enzyme and changes active site so it is less productive |
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Term
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Definition
| allows body to control what processes occur and in what quanity they occur |
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Term
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Definition
| a substrate attaches to one active site and it locks in all attached active sites in an active position |
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Term
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Definition
| anaerobic process that degrades sugar. uses glycolysis. NAD+ = NADH = NAD+ = cycled. |
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Term
| Cellular respiration includes: |
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Definition
| aerobic and anaerobic processes |
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Term
| Cellular respiration equation |
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Definition
| C6H1206 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| coenzyme electron carrier, oxidizing agent in respiration. Becomes NADH |
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Term
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Definition
| removes 2 e- and 2 p+ from glucose and delivers 2e- and 1p+ to NAD+ making NADH + H+ |
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Term
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Definition
| NAD+ + H+. electron with 2e- and 1p+. represents stored energy and can be tapped to make ATP |
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Term
| Electron Transport Chain (Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| chain of proteins that break fall of high energy e- into sever energy releasing steps. e- fall from high energy levels to low energy levels causing redox reactions. lowest proteins are most electronegative |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Location of Electron Transport Chain |
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Definition
| Mitochondrial membrane and thylakoid membrane |
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| ATP synthesis powered by redox reactions in ETC and chemiosmosis |
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Term
| Substrate-level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| reactions of gylcolyis and krebs cycle that transfer phosphate groups from substrate to ADP instead of addion and inorganic phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 4 ATP, 2 NADH + H+, 2 Pyruvate + H20 |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 ATP, 2 NADH + H+, 2 Pyruvate + H2O |
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Term
| Cellular Respiration Steps |
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Definition
1) Glycolysis
2) Acetyl CoA
3) Krebs Cycle
4) Electron Transport Chain |
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Term
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Definition
| from cytosol across mitochondrial membrane and into mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 Pyruvate, 2 NAD+, Coenzyme A |
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Term
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Definition
| CO2, 2 NADH + H+, Acetyl CoA |
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Term
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Definition
| acetate~coenzyme A: weak, unstable bond that makes it unstable and highly reactive, producing a lot of energy |
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Term
| Pyruvate enters mitochondria by: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| elecron carier that becomes FADH2. Accepts 2H+ and 2e-. Enters cycle at Kreb Cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| FAD + 2H+ + 2e-. carries electrons to ETC. enters at complex 2, produces less ATP than NADH |
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Term
| 1 turn of Krebs Cycle: Consumes |
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Definition
| 1 Acetyl CoA, 3 NAD+, 1 FAD, 1 ADP + Phosphate group |
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Term
| 1 Turn of Krebs Cycle: Produces |
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Definition
| CoA, 2 CO2, 3 NADH + H+, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP |
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Term
| Net ATP produced after substrate-level phosphorylation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| e- transferred from NADH to 1st ETC molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| e- transferred from FADH2 to ETC. because its added at lower energy level, 1/3 less energy is produced than NADH |
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Term
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Definition
| e- passed to VERY electronegative 1/2 O2 which forms H2O |
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Term
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Definition
| uses H+ gradient to use ATP synthase to make ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| uses H+ gradient to use ATP synthase to make ATP. Pulls H+ from intermembrane/thylakoid space through ATP synthase and into mitochondrial matrix/stroma, forming ATP in the process |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that makes ATP from ADP + phosphate group. made of polypeptides. |
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Term
| Electron Transport Chain: Products |
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Definition
| H+ in intermembrane/thylakoid space, H2O |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cellular Respiration net ATP? How much from each part? |
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Definition
Glycolysis: 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP
ETC: 34 ATP
Net: 38 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| can use ETC but used different e- acceptor at end instead of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| Alcohol Fermentation and Lactic acid fermentation |
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Term
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Definition
| changes pyruvate to ethanol by releasing CO2 from pyruvate and then NADH forms and ethanol results |
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Term
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Definition
| changes pyruvate to lactate by reducing pyruvate with NADH to produce lactate. No CO2 forms. occurs during exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic sequence to break down fatty acids. Generates acetyl CoA, NADH, and FADH2 |
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Term
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Definition
| allosteric enzyme that slows glycolysis. synchronized glycolysis and krebs cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue in interior of leaf wehre chloroplasts are found |
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Term
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Definition
| pore that lets in CO2 and lets out O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| dense fluid in chloroplast. similar to mitochondrial matrix in CR |
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Term
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Definition
| Interconnected membrane sac that separates stroma from thylakoid space. Stacked in chloroplast |
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Term
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Definition
| location of chlorophyll and ETC |
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Term
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Definition
| 6CO2 + 12 H2O + Light Energy = C6H1206 +6O2 + 6 H20 |
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Term
| 2 parts of Photosynthesis |
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Definition
| Light reactions (Photosystem I, ETC, Photosystem II) and Calvin Cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| electron carrier. NAD+ + Phosphate group. Becomes NADPH |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| use to chemiosmosis to add phosphate group to ADP. similar to oxidative phosphorylation in CR |
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Term
| Photosystem composition and location |
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Definition
| composed to reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complex. In thylakoid membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| protein complex in photosystem with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| various pigment molecules attacted to proteins. acts as antenna for reaction-center complex |
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Term
| primary electron acceptor |
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Definition
| molecule in reaction-center complex that accepts e- from special chlorophyll a pairs and transfers them to ETC |
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Term
| Photosystem II chlorophyll a |
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Definition
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Term
| Photosystem I cholorphyll a |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| photons hit pigment molecule, exciting e-. e- falls energy levels, exciting nearby e-. passes on until reaches P680 whos excited e- move to primary electron acceptor who then passes them to ETC. "Hole" in P680 is filled by an e- generated from water splitting. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Photosystem II. H2O molecule is split. Provides 2e- to fill hole in P680 and 1/2 O2 which joins another 1/2 O2 and becomes the O2 waste product |
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Term
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Definition
| transfers e- from PSII to PSI. produces ATP and H+ gradient used in chemiosmosis. e- leave chaing and fill "hole" in P700+ in PSI |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs 2nd. e- in pigment molecule excited by photons and pass excitement to P700 which passes excited e- to Primary electron acceptor, creating P700+. PEA passes e- to ETC II. "Hole" is filled with e- from ETC I. |
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Term
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Definition
| takes excited e- from PS I. does not produce ATP or H+ gradient. Instead NADP+ reductase transfers e- to NADP+, forming NADPH |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme at end of Photosynthisis ETC II that catalyzes transfer of e- to NADP+ |
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Term
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Definition
| Used Photosystem I but not Photosystem II. P700=PEA=cytochrome complex=generates ATP=P700 |
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Term
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Definition
| iron-containing proteins in ETC, generates ATP |
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Term
| Benefits of Cyclic Electron Flow |
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Definition
| may protect cells from light-inflicted damage |
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Term
| Cyclic electron flow produces ______ and doesn't use/produce ________ + _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemiosmosis: CR vs PS: e- from |
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Definition
PS: from H2O
CR: from organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) Carbon fixation
2) Reduction
3) Regeneration of CO2 acceptor (RuBP) |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase 1 in Calvin Cycle. CO2 enters 1 by 1 and is attached to ribulose biphosphate (RuBP). 6 carbon intermediate is formed and immediately splits into 2 3-phosphoglycerate |
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Term
| Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) |
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Definition
| 5 carbon sugar that attaches to CO2 in Carbon fixation during Calvin Cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of CO2 to ribulose biphosphate (RuBP). most abundant protein in Earth |
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Term
| Calvin Cycle: Phase 2 and products |
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Definition
each 3-phosphglycerate gains a phosphate group from ATP forming 3 bisphosphoglycerate. e- from NADPH then reduce 3-BP who lose phosphate group and become G3P
Products: 6 G3P (1 is expelled, 5 are recycled) |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 G3P become 3 ribulose biphosphate (RuBP). takes 3 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| life of a cell from formation to division |
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Term
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Definition
| all the genetic info of a cell. the endowment of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| all body cells except reproductive cells. have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| sex cells, sperm and eggs, have 23 chromosomes in humans (1 set) |
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Term
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Definition
| complex of DNA and associated protein molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| center of sister chromatid |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the nucleus. 2n = 2n |
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Term
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Definition
- division of the cytoplasm
- usually well underway by end of telophase
- cleavage furrow forms, pinching cell in two |
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Term
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Definition
| produces nonidentical daughter cells. 2n = n chromosomes. Occurs in gonads. |
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Term
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Definition
| mitosis and cytokinesis. the shortest part of the cell cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase. The cell grows and duplicates all organelles and DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth 1 Phase. Cell starts growing a doubling organelles. needs more nutrients and energy and can stills top mitosis if it wants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth 1 Phase. Cell starts growing a doubling organelles. needs more nutrients and energy and can stills top mitosis if it wants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesis phase (phase 2) of Interphase. DNA is coppied. 46 strands of DNA become 92 strands. DNA strands turn into sister chromatids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth 2 phase of interphase (phase 3). Cell gets ready for mitosis. centrioles become activated. Cell grows and stockpiles food again. |
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Term
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Definition
| struture of fibers made of microtubules and associated proteins. Eventually attaches to centromere of sister chromatid and a centrosome |
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Term
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Definition
| subcellular region containing material that functions throughout cell cycle to orgainize the cells microtubules. Has a pair of centrioles at center. |
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Term
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Definition
| a radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome |
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Term
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Definition
| structure of poteins associated with specific secions of chromosomal DNA at centromere. When they are captured by microtubules the chromosome begins to move toward the poles, creating a tug-of-war that ends up with the chromosomes lined up in the center. |
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Term
| metaphase plate of the cell |
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Definition
| where the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
- chromatin fibers coil into chromosomes
- nucleoli disappears
- duplicated chromosomes appear as 2 identical sister chromatids joined at centromeres
- mitotic spindle begins to form
- centrosomes more away from each other and microtubules between them lengthen and then invade nuclear area
- nuclear envelope fragments
- chromatids develop a kinetochore which attaches to microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
- longest stage of mitosis
- centrosomes are at opposite poles of cell
- chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
- each chromosomes kinetochore is attached to kinetochore microtubules from opposite poles |
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Term
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Definition
- shortest stage of mitosis
- sister chromatids of each pair part, each becoming a full-fledged chromosome
- each chromosome begins traveling toward opposite ends of the cell as kinetochore microtubles shorten
- cell elongates as nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen
- by end: both ends of cell have equivalent and complete collections of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
- 2 daughter nuclei form in cell
- nuclear envelopes arise from fragments of old nuclear envelope and parts of endomembrane system
- chromosomes become less condensed
- mitosis is now complete |
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Term
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Definition
| forms during cytokinesis in animals. a shallows groove in cell surface near the old metaphase plate |
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Term
| Nonkinetochore microtubules |
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Definition
| attach to metaphase plate and elongate the cell during anaphase |
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Term
| Cytokinesis in plant cells |
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Definition
| vesicles from Golgi apparatus more to middle of cell and produce a cell plate, forming a membrane which eventually fuses with the cell wall producing two daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| "division in half." asexual reproduction of single-celled eukaryotes. Includes mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| place on bacterial chromosomes where they begin to duplicate during binary fission |
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Term
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Definition
| transmission of traits from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| hereditary units coded with information |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 parents make an offspring. Each contribute n chromosomes making a total of 2n. |
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Term
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Definition
| ordered display of chromosomes starting with the longest ones |
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Term
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Definition
| cell with two sets of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell with 1 set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| all chromosomes except sex chromosomes |
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Term
| Alternation of Generations |
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Definition
| In plants and algae. life cycle that includes a multicellular diploid sporophyte stage and a multicellular haploid gametophyte stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| individual chromosomes that were inherited from different parents |
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Term
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Definition
- chromosomes condense and homologs loosely pair along their lengths, aligned by genes
- crossing over is completed in synapsis and ends mid-prophase
- each homologous pair has ore or more chiasmata
- Centrosomes movement, spindle formation and nuclear envelope breakdown begin
- microtubules from one pole attach to a kinetochore of one homologous chromosome. microtubules of other attaches to other homologous chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in synapsis of meiosis I. genetic rearrangement between nonsister chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| In Meiosis I. point on chromosome whre crossing over has occured and the homologs are still associated due to cohesion between sister chromatids. forms a "X" shape |
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Term
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Definition
homologous chromosomes are arranged on metaphase plate with one chromosome in each pair facing each pole
- both chromatids of one homolog are attached to kinetochore microtubules from one pole. others attached to opposite pole |
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Term
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Definition
- Proteins responsible for sister chromatid cohesion breaks down, allowing homologs to separate
- Homologs move towards opposite poles
- Sister chromatid cohesion at centromere remains, causing chromatids to more as a unit to same pole |
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Term
| Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
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Definition
- Each half of cell has a complete haploid set of replicated chromosomes with sister chromatids with crossed over sections
- Cytokinesis occurs simultaneously
- Cleavage furrow/cell plate forms
- NO REPLICATION |
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Term
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Definition
- Spindle apparatus forms
- sister chromatids move towards metaphase II plate |
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Term
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Definition
- Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
- Sister chromatids are NOT geneticall identical
- kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to microtubules of opposite poles |
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Term
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Definition
- proteins holding sister chromatids together at centromere breaks down
- Chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles as individual chromosomes |
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Term
| Telophase II and Cytokinesis |
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Definition
- Nuclei form, chromosomes decondense, cytokinesis occurs
- Meiotic divison of 1 parent = 4 daughter cells, each with unique n (haploid) DNA sets |
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Term
| Independent Assortment of Chromosomes |
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Definition
| Each chromosome has a 50% chance of going to either pole, independent of all of the other chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| individual chromosomes that carry genes derived from 2 different parents. due to crossing over |
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Term
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Definition
| Meiosis in males produces 4 early spermatids with n DNA. Spermatids then differentiate into sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meiosis in females. Produces 1 large ova and 3 ploar bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| Meiosis I occurs but stops before division. Creates Primary oocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd meiotic division begins but stops at metaphase II. 1 per month. creates secondary oocyte |
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Term
| Oogenesis after fertilization |
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Definition
| Meiosis II resumes and completes forming a fertilized egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic gylcolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is converted back to lactate. |
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Term
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Definition
| when members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not more apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. |
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Term
| ATP generated by Triglyceride |
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Definition
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