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| tightly packed sheets of cells that cover organs and outer sufaces and line hollow organs, vessels, and body cavities |
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| groups of epithelial cells that are specialized to secrete a substance. e.g./ sweat, mucus, oils |
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| glands that secrete their products into hollow organs or ducts, or onto surfaces such as skin |
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| secrete hormones, which modify the functions of other organs |
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| flattened cells that form the outer surface of the skin and line the inner surfaces of some vessels and organws. Their function is protection and nutrient exchange. |
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| tightly packed cells that are neither flat nor tall. line kidney tubes and ovaries, make up most glands. They both protect other cells and tissues and secrete and absorb water and small molecules |
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| composed of tall, column-shaped cells. Nucleus usually located at the bottom of the cell, near the attached surface. They line the intestine and parts of the digestive system, reproductive, and most of the respiratory system. |
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| a layer of noncellular material called the basement membrane. provides structural support to the epithelial cells. Made up of polysaccharides and proteins secreted by the epithelial cells. |
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| proteins that anchor epithelial and other types of cells; allow cells to interact |
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| tight impermeable barriers between plasma membranes of adjacent cells that stop substances from passing through small spaces between cells. |
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| junctions composed of filaments that join cells to each other Flexible enough to allow some movement by adjacent cells |
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| occur when two adjacent plasma membranes are joined via channels made of proteins. Permit the passage of water, ions, and other substances between cells. allow the substances that cause contraction to flow between the cells. |
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| amorphous noncellular substance that fills the space in between cells along with protein fibers |
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| the fibers that aren't cells, contains ground substance. The ground substance varies in consistency from solid to fluid. Blood has a liquid matrix, fat tissue has a thick matrix |
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| the most widespead connective tissue in animals. connects epithelia, organs, pads the skin, allows lungs and bladder to expand. |
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| the cells that make up loose connective tissue. These make and secrete proteins into the matrix |
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| give connective tissue tensile strength (the ability to bear stress w/o breaking) |
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| allow connective tissue to stretch without breaking (elasticity) |
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| fat tissue that connects the skin to underlying structures and insulates and protects organs. |
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| adipose cells. specialized for the synthesis and storage of energy-rich reserves of fat. also produce adipokines that influence heart disease and type 2 diabetes |
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| connective tissue with a liquid matrix. circulates through the body transporting oxygen and nutrients, and carrying away waste products. |
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| Dense fibrous connective tissue |
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| Two forms: 1. irregular- bundles of randomly oriented collagen fibers like the dermis 2. regular- has parallel collagen fibers like tendons and ligaments |
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| connective tissue rich in collagen and other structural proteins. high water content. makes up nose and ears and allows for shock absorption. Hyaline cartilage has only collagen fibers e.g. nose, ribs. Elastic cartilage has more elastic fibers and is more flexible e.g. outer ear. Fibrocartilage has matrix with bundles of strong collagen fibers. |
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| cells that make up cartilage and secrete the dense matrix that surrounds the cells |
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| make up the skeleton, connected at the joints. Framework for the body. made up of osteocytes.Serve as a reservoir of calcium and minerals that the body can use if dietary levels of these substances are low |
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| branched cells of connective tissue that make up bone. secrete substances that harden into a solid matrix of collagen and calcium and other minerals |
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| highly specialized tissue capable of contracting and helping the body move, composed of bundles of long, thin, cylindrical cells called muscle fibers |
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| specialized proteins that cause the cells to contract when signaled by nerve cells |
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| muscle tissue whose function requires conscious thought |
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| involuntary muscle tissue |
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| muscle tissue whose function requires no conscious thought |
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| striated or Smooth muscle |
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| contains bands that look like stripes under a microscope due to actin and myosin deposits. |
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| found only in the wall of the heart. involuntary, striated tissue that undergoes rhythmic contractions to produce heartbeat. highly branched and interwoven. to not reproduce after birth. have gap junctions that allow messages to be sent to allow a coordinated heartbeat throughout the body. |
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| located in muscles that attach to bone. produces all movements of body parts in relation to each other. |
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| when a tissue increases in size without increasing the number of cells |
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| helps body sense stimuli, process stimuli, and transmit signals to and from the brain to the rest of the body. |
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| cells that conduct and transmit electrical impulses |
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| support cells in nervous tissue. take up most of the volume of nervous tissue. |
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| star-shaped neuroglia that bring nutrients to neurons |
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| neuroglia that remove foreign substances from the nervous tissue |
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| oligodendrocytes and schwann cells |
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| neuroglial cells that synthesize a coating called myelin that insulates neurons, increasing the speed at which nerve impulses can travel |
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| secretions of chemicals that nerve cells connect to each other with |
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| consists of the abdominal and thoracic cavity. thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs. the abdominal cavity contains the abdominal organs (stomach, liver, spleen, intestines, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs) |
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| a horizontal sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. |
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| composed of cranial cavity and vertebral canal. cranial cavity contains brain. Vertebral canal is formed by the vertebrae and contains the spinal cord. |
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| pink, moist epithelial membranes that line the tubes of the digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems. able to absorb substances and can also secrete protective substances. |
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| double-layered membranes that line the thoracic and abdominal cavities and the organs contained therein. composed of epithelium and loose connective tissue. They support internal organs and provide a lubricated, smooth surface to prevent chafing |
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| a type of serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and lungs |
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| a membranous sac that surrounds the heart |
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| the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers its organs. a double layer of peritoneum called the mesentery attaches organs in the abdominal cavity to the abdominal wall |
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| a type of epithelial membrane that forms the relatively hard, dry skin |
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| found within the dorsal cavity. made of connective tissue and covers the brain and spinal cord |
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| made of connective tissue. Line the capsule formed by the ligaments of synovial joints, like the knee. |
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| structures composed of 2 or more tissues packed together and working in concert to perform the organ's function |
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| many organs interacting to perform a common function |
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| the ability to maintain relatively constant internal conditions even under extreme situations |
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| information sent to a control center that directs a cell, tissue, or organ to respond by turning up or turning down a given process |
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| when the product of a process inhibits the process. applies in cases of certain variables that must be closely controlled. a deviation away from the set point that the body is trying to maintain is detected by a sensor. Negative Feedback is self-regulating and functions to maintain homeostasis |
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| the regulation of body temperature, occurs by negative feedback |
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| occurs when the product of the process intensifies the process. purpose is different than negative feedback. works in blood clotting and childbirth. has natural limits. |
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