Term
| Transcription factors perform their function in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Morphogens are what kind of molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| elicit different cellular responses depending on thier concentration |
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Term
| animal body plans can change over evoluntionary tiemscales becuase? |
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Definition
embryos are modular
mutations in DNA are not always lethal
small changes in the DNA sequences of a gene can have a large effect on adult form
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Term
| The relationship between animal complexity, genome-size, and protein-coding gene numbers is? |
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Definition
| increases in animal complexity comes with increased genome size but not necessarily a larger number of genes |
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Term
| In dolly experiment, a Dorest sheep served as the nuclear donor while both the egg donor and the surrogate ewe were scottish black face sheep. Why were two different strains of sheep used for the dolly experiment? |
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Definition
| to confirm that any lambs that were bron were progeny of the nuclear donor and not the egg donor or surrogate. |
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Term
| With mosaic development, at what point are blastomeres determined in embryos? |
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Definition
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Term
| In regards to metabolic and regulatory genes, which are expressed in all cells and which are expressed in only a subset of cells? |
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Definition
| metabloic genes are expressed in all cells while regulatory genes are expressed in a subset of cells. |
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Term
| The block to slow polyspermy involves what? |
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Definition
| a single transduction pathway. |
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Term
pluripotent, differentiated, totipotent, determind
place in order of cell potential as development proceeds. |
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Definition
| totipotent, pluripotent, determined, differentiated |
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Term
| our knowledge of waht structures early embryonic cells will differentiate into relies on? |
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Definition
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Term
| the model organism likely to privide the most relevant data for understanding human development is? |
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Definition
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Term
| genomic change that probably contributed most to animal evolution: |
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Definition
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Term
True or Flase
signalling proteins are regulatory proteins, transcription factors are not |
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Definition
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Term
segmentation genes, maternal effect genes, and homeotic genes.
place in order of the sequence in which they act. |
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Definition
| maternal effect genes, segmentatino genes, homeotic genes |
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Term
Ture or False
stem cells maintain their potential following cell division |
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Definition
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Term
True or Flase
animal development occurs by progressive loss of DNA from the nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
Ture of Flase
Migratory cell type is a property of epithelial cells |
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Definition
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Term
| The bicoid gene of Drosophila is an example of a _____________ gene that helps specify the ________________ |
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Definition
maternal effect gene
anterior/posterior |
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Term
| The competence of a cell to respond to a particluar signal depend on: |
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Definition
| having a receptor that can bind to the signal |
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Term
| The observation that a mouse gene that initiates eye development in mice can also direct formation of multifacted eyes in a fruit fly is evidence for: |
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Definition
| The concservation of an ancient function in the Pax6 and eyeless genes |
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Term
| An important consequence of early zygotic cell division is: |
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Definition
| partitioning of regulatory factors to soem cells but not others |
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Term
| The fate of ectodermal cells is to contribute predominantly to the developing: |
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Definition
| of skin and central nervous system |
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Term
| Bird and reptile eggs have large amounts of yolk. This results in: |
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Definition
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Term
| The process by whihc a group of cells change their behaviour or identity in response to a signal from an adjacent group of cells is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the nerual tube, a great varitey of neurons are specified by a smaller number of transcriptoin factors that are expressed with a discrete but overlapping dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior domains of expression. this represents and exaomple of? |
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Definition
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Term
| The observation that homeotic (hox) genes remain clustered together on the chromosomes of distinctly related animals suggests that |
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Definition
| a clustered organization is important of hox gene function |
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Term
| If cells from the dorsal side of a gastrula stage from embryo (fated to become part of the neural tube) are transplanted onto the ventral side of a second embryo and teh transplanted tissue develops into tissues of the central nervous system, the transplanted cells are said to have been _______ at the time of their transplantation. |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Regarding cytoplasmic determination is drosophila, their mutation has minor effects on development. |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
The notochord differentiates into the neural tube |
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Definition
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Term
| the process of physiological and biochemical changes that an animal undergoes in response to mainpulations of selected environmental parameters in a controlled environmental setting, is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relative metabolic rate of a small mammal compared to a lizard when measured at 37○C? |
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Definition
| rate in mammal would be about 5-10 fold higher |
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Term
| characterisitics that best describe thermoregulatory strategies seen in a mammal in cold conditions are: |
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Definition
95% reduction in ATP use
80% reduction in oxygen consumption
A 30○C reduction in core body temp which lasts for a week or longer
hibernation |
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Term
| Within the thermal netural zone, and endotherm is able to regulate its body temperature by: |
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Definition
| altering heat loss through the skin |
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Term
| The adaptation that is a benefit to large animals like elephants living in hot environmnets? |
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Definition
| their large volume burrers heat loss or heat gain |
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Term
| For a lemming living in Northern Canada, which feature facilitates living in a cold climate? |
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Definition
| having a low surface area to colume fatio in order to maintain heat |
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Term
| The artieries and veins in the leg of a reindeer are arranged in a counter-current manner in order to prevent heat loss. The priniciple ofthis exchanger is that blood becomes progressively ______ as it reaches the extremity as heat is transferred from the ____ to the ______ system. |
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Definition
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Term
True of False
In cold locations there are shorter fatty acids and in hot locations there longer fatty acids. |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
In cooler locations there are more saturated fatty acids where in hot locations there are less. |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
In cold locatino there is a lower freezing point than in hot locations |
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Definition
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Term
| In endotherms what acts as a thermostat which receives input from peripheral receptors and sends out signals to peripheral tissues to induce physiological changes in response to heating or cooling? |
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Definition
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Term
| During arousal from a bout of hibernation, _______________ by brown fat contributes to the generation of _______. |
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Definition
non-shivering thermogenesis
heat |
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Term
True or False
An increase in metabloic heat productions is most likely part of a lizards thermoregulatory responses when temperatures are low. |
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Definition
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Term
| The tuna is an example of what type of heterotherm? |
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Definition
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Term
| Freeze avoidance is a strategy used by ectotherms in freezing environments. This involves: |
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Definition
| The generation of proteins taht enables the supercooling of tissue fluids. |
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Term
| Crassaleuceans are a group of plants that typically close thier stomata during the day but open thier stomata at night and teh ntrap CO2 bound to orgainc acids for use in photosynthesis. This stategy was most likely evolved in response to what kind of environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would be a typical feature that enables plants to surive in hot dry environments? |
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Definition
| modifications to reduce the loss of water via transpiration |
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Term
| cartilaginous fish (eg sharks) maintain an osmotic concentration in thier blood that matches that of seawater by: |
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Definition
| concentrating urea in their blood |
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Term
| To regulate its environment, a freshwater fish must ____ salts and produce a ____ volume of ______. |
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Definition
conserve
large
dilute urine |
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Term
| Following consumption of large amounts of water, a likely consequence in a human would be a decreased secretion of: |
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Definition
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Term
| What do marine reptiles and marine birds have that enable them to drink seawater? |
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Definition
| salt glands to eliminate salts |
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Term
| The purpse of the glomerulus and the Bowman's Capsule within the kidney is to: |
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Definition
| selectively filter solutes from the blood |
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Term
| For mammals of the same size, what feature of their excretory system would give them the greatest ability to produce concentrated urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Some halophytic plants use ______ to either exclude salt from the ____ or exrete salt via _____ |
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Definition
salt glands
roots
stomata within the leaves |
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Term
| The ________ acts as the central pacemaker in mammals as it intergrates information from the eyes and in turn controls various circadian functions |
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Definition
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Term
| When a mouse is placed in a constant dark environment its circadian rhythem will become _____ . After several days in constant darkness, the mouse is exposed to 10 min of light at 24 hour intervals which will act to ____ the rhythm |
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Definition
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Term
| Some individuals suffer jet lag followign a flight from North America to Europe because: |
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Definition
| it takes up to several days for clocks in the various tissues to reset to the new time zones. |
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Term
| Seasonal breeding mammals such as the hamster use __________________ to determine day length which in turn affects the development of the testes. |
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Definition
| melatonin from the pineal gland |
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