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Bio 104 Exam 1
MIcrobiology Crash Course (Focus on infectious disease/viruses); Immunology Crash Course; Plagues of Antiquity, Plage of Justinian, Black Death, Third Pandemic)
63
Biology
Undergraduate 1
01/12/2010

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Cards

Term
Prokaryotes
Definition

Eu bacteria

No nucleus

1 Chromosome molecule

Archibacteria

Term
Eucaryotes
Definition

Complex

Membrane-bound organelles

Term
Virus
Definition

Non-cellular

No membrane

Capsule-like structure

Need a cell to reproduce

 

Term
Anton Van Leewenhoek
Definition
Actually saw microscopic organisms for the first time
Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition

Discovered life only can create more life

Pasteurization

Term
Robert Koch
Definition

Found a particular bacteria responsible for a disease (cows/anthrax)

Koch's Postulates still used today to ascertain particular bacteria causing disease)

Term
Ignaz Semmelweis
Definition
Theorized that hand washing could control infection (prevent)
Term
Joseph Lister
Definition

Antisepsus

Sprayed operating room with carbolic acid to sanitize

Due to Lister, American Civil War soldiers survived wounds than in any previous wars

Term
Edward Jenner
Definition

Popularized vaccination

Famous for protocol against smallpox

Innoculated 8 year old boy to test smallpox vaccine (which was a dose of "cow" pox)

Term
John Snow
Definition

Epidemeology

Discovered the spread of infection via water (Chlorea case)

Term
Normal Microbial Flora
Definition
The living together of two dissimilar organisms (humans & bacteria)
Term
Pathogenicity
Definition

Gain entry; colonize; avoid host defense; damage host; exit strategy; virulence factors

Leave host sick; move to next host

Term
Hot pathogen
Definition
Kills host quickly
Term
Virulence factors
Definition

Adhesum/Capsule

Hyaluranidase (enzyme) - invades tissue

Leukocidin (enzyme) - kills white blood cells

Toxin

Plasmids transfer pathogenicity to other bacteria

Code for anti-antibiotics (drug-resistance genes/transfer easily)

Term
Disease
Definition
Harm to normal body functioning
Term
Infection
Definition
Does not always entail noticeable symptoms
Term
Pathogen
Definition
Goal is to spread, multiply
Term
Opportunist
Definition
Takes the opportunity to be a pathogen
Term
Etiology
Definition
Cause
Term
Sources of infectious disease
Definition

Animal reservoirs (zoonosis) [anthrax, rabies]

Human carriers (common cold, Tuberculosis)

Some are exclusively human

Non-living (soil, food, water)

 

Term
Modes of transmission of infectious disease
Definition

Contact (direct, indirect, droplet)

Vehicle (insect, food, water)

Vector (biological > blood-sucking insect [mechanical > passive carrier]

Term
Classifications of infection
Definition

Acute (symptom-showing)

Chronic (long-lasting)

Sub-acute (infected, but not really sick;not long lasting)

Latent (infected unknowingly)

Term
Classifications of types of transmission of infection
Definition

Communicable (transmittable, but not contagious)

Contagious (easily transmittable without direct contact)

Non-communicable (not person to person transmittable)

Term
Two types of immunity in human immune system
Definition

Innate immunity

Acquired immunity

Term

(Innate immunity)

Macrophage

Definition
Clean-up (after Neutrophils attack)
Term

(Innate immunity)

Neutrophil

Definition
Attack infectious invasions first, before Macrophages arrive to finish the job
Term

(Innate immunity)

Inflammation

Definition
Increased bloodflow
Term

(Innate immunity)

Fever

Definition
Systemic increase in body temperature to inhibit bacteria growth
Term

(Innate immunity)

Pyrogens

Definition

Sent (during fever) to increase body temperature

Activates Macrophages and Neutrophils

Term

(Innate immunity)

Complement

Definition
Group of proteins which pokes holes in bacteria (to "pop" it)
Term
Herd immunity
Definition
An immune majority of people in a community makes infection less likely to occur in those not immune within that community
Term
B & T cells/B & T lymphocytes
Definition
Function as agents for acquired immunity
Term

(Acquired immunity)

Plasma Cell

Definition

B-lymphocyte

Antibodies that target pathogens

Binds to bacteria

Tags bacteria so Macrophages & Neutrophils can find it

 

Term

(Acquired immunity)

Memory cells

Definition

B-lymphocyte

Convert to plasma cells, make antibodies immediately

Term

(Acquired immunity)

Humoural immunity

Definition
B-cells are part of humoural immunity
Term

(Acquired immunity)

T-Lyphocyte

Definition

Comes into direct contact with pathogens

Wait in thymus for specific pathogen

Becomes specialized, mature

Term

(Acquired immunity)

T-helper cells

Definition

Help B-cells recognize pathogens

 

Term

(Acquired immunity)

T-dependent antogen

Definition
B-cells
Term
HIV-AIDS target which type of cells?
Definition
T-cells
Term

(Acquired immunity)

Cytotoxic T-cells

Definition

Main defense against viruses

Recognizes viruses (infection inside a cell)

Releases protein (perforim) which attacks infected cell membranes

Relatives of natural killer cells (which fights cancer cells)

Term
Bubonic Plague
Definition

Yersinia pestis

Adhesin protein (attachment)/makes capsule

Type III secretion system (avoid host defense)

Kills white blood cells

Macrophages & Neutrophils commit suicide (aphotosis)

Term

(Types of Plague)

Bubonic

 

Definition

Swollen lymph notes - "buboes"

Transmission: insect bites

 

Term

(Types of Plague)

Pneumonic

Definition

Pneumonia

Transmission: inhalation

Term

(Types of Plague)

Septicemic

Definition

Bacteria in bloodstream (bacterimia)

Septemia: bacteria multiplying in bloodstream

Transmission: insect bite

 

 

Term
Enzootic infection (Black Death)
Definition

Endemic in animal reservoir (rats, mice, voles, prairie dogs, other rodents)

Vector: Indian rat flea/venopsylla cheopsis

Term
Life cycle of Black Death's microorganisms
Definition
flea>rat>flea>rat>rats die>fleas move to next host (humans)
Term
Symptoms & pathology of Bubonic Plague
Definition

Bubo formation (armpit, groin, neck)

Hemorrhagic (bleeding, dark skin rash)-distance grows between cells

High fever (40 C/104 F)/body aches/toxifying self

Mental confusion; delirium

Multiple organ system failure

Death (3-7 days); Mortality rate: 50-75 %

Term
Symptoms & pathology of Septicemic Plague
Definition

Bubo formation (armpit, groin, neck)

Hemorrhagic (bleeding, dark skin rash)-distance grows between cells

High fever (40 C/104 F)/body aches/toxifying self

Mental confusion; delirium

Multiple organ system failure

Death (3-7 days); Mortality rate 100 %

Term
Symptoms & pathology of Pneumonic Plague
Definition

Bacteria multiplying in lungs

Hemorrhagic (bloody mucus; bloody, frothy cough)

Lung necrosis (tissue death)

High fever

Mental confusion; delirium

Multiple organ system failure

Convulsions in children

Death < 1 day; Mortality rate 100 %


Term
Major Plague pandemics
Definition

Plague of Justinian

Black Death

The Third Pandemic

Term
Plague of Justinian
Definition
541-770 AD
Term
Black Death
Definition
1347-1351 AD
Term
The Third Pandemic
Definition
1855-1896 AD
Term
History: Plague of Justinian
Definition

Justinian I (Emporer 527-565 AD): Wanted to re-strengthen Roman Empire; Taxed people heavily to fund cause; People became poor; Less food

Also: Mini-nuclear winter - extended cold & wet climate

Cause (of weather): Comet; Volcano

Crop failure, famine: rats move to well-populated cities

Term
Path of Plague of Justinian
Definition
Delusium (port city) Egypt>Constantinople (modern Istanbul)>Asia Minor & Greece>Europe
Term
History: The Black Death
Definition

Europe 1347-1351 AD

Spread: Merchant refugees fleeing siege of Kaffa>Constantinople>Italy>Spain>more Italy>Paris>Austria-Hungary>England>Germany>Sweden & Norway

Contributing factors were poor sanitation, close living conditions, over-population, unusually warm climate, growth of middle (merchantile) class

Justinian pattern ensued

Also lack of knowledge furthered spread of disease: belief in "miasma spread", "evil polluted fog"

 

Term

(Black Death)

Historical treatment tactics

Definition

Lancing of bubos

Blood letting

Diet

Sanitation(bodies buried),

Witchcraft

Term

(Black Death)

Historical prevention tactics

Definition

Fires

Scented objects

No bathing

No exercising (open pores)

Term
Consequences of The Black Death
Definition

Major depopulation

Economic recession

Labor shortage

Decrease in Feudalism (peasants gained more power)

Decrease of Church's power

Persecutions: Jews, gypsies, lepers

Term
The Decameron
Definition

1349-1353 AD

Written by Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375 AD)

Described the Black Death

 

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