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BIO 102 - Test 3
URI, Prof Koske, Exam 3
46
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/02/2013

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Term
hyphae
Definition
technical name for the filaments of fungi
Term
types of fungi
Definition
unicellular - yeasts
filamentous - molds
massive - mushrooms
Term
how do fungi feed?
Definition
use extracellular enzymes to break food into components small enough to be taken in
Term
gills
Definition
structures on most massive fungi through which spores produced via MEIOSIS are distributed
Term
stipe
Definition
the stalk of a massive fungus, made up of many hyphae bound together
Term
four significant roles played by fungi
Definition
plant disease
animal disease
commercial products
decomposition
Term
plant diseases are mostly caused by fungi or bacteria?
Definition
fungi, not bacteria, cause most plant diseases
Term
Phytophthora infestans
Definition
the organism that caused the late blight of potatoes
Term
ergot
Definition
a disease of grass plants, mostly rye grains, in which the ovary is destroyed and replaced with a toxic black structure
Term
superficial mycoses
Definition
fungal animal diseases that affect the skin, hair, and nails
Term
systemic mycoses
Definition
fungal animal diseases that infect deep tissues, usually as a result of a compromised immune system
Term
extant
Definition
describes a species that exists on earth now
Term
artificial selection
Definition
the process of controlled evolution, usually in the raising of crops or domestic animals
Term
differential reproductive success
Definition
the concept that individuals with the most efficent characteristics, decided by the environment, are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their genes
Term
speciation
Definition
the development of a new species
Term
reproductive isolation
Definition
the point on the phylogenic tree at which a new species develops
Term
soup of life
Definition
refers to the accumulation of complex molecules in an aqueous body on the early earth
Term
bonbardment phase of earth
Definition
a period of about 800 million years during which time tons of organic molecules bombarded the earth's surface from comets, asteroids, and meteorites
Term
protocell
Definition
aggregations of molecules in water surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane about the same size as a bacterial cell
Term
soup of life
Definition
refers to the accumulation of complex molecules in an aqueous body on the early earth
Term
bonbardment phase of earth
Definition
a period of about 800 million years during which time tons of organic molecules bombarded the earth's surface from comets, asteroids, and meteorites
Term
protocell
Definition
aggregations of molecules in water surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane about the same size as a bacterial cell
Term
unicellular algae
Definition
algae that exist with or without flagella
Term
colonial algae
Definition
algal cells are connected together in an organized pattern
Term
filamentous algae
Definition
algal cells are connected end-to-end
Term
massive algae
Definition
macroscopic algae, including seaweed and kelp
Term
phytoplankton
Definition
a type of unicellular algae that float freely in water
Term
dinoflagellates
Definition
a type of unicellular algae with two flagella to move up and down and rotate
Term
naked dinoflagellates
Definition
a type of unicellular algae that lack cellulose plates and instead have a tough plasma membrane
Term
bioluminescence
Definition
the ability of some algae to produce a flash of light to frighten predators
Term
harmful algal bloom
Definition
an accumulation of algal species in a body of water
Term
general toxins
Definition
toxins released into the water during algal cells' growth and death
commonly occur in coastal areas
Term
pfiesteria
Definition
a type of algae that produces enzymes to digest organisms infected with toxins
Term
PSP/paralytic shellfish poisoning
Definition
an infection characterized by respiratory failure and nerve paralysis
usually contracted from the ingestion of bad filter feeding species
Term
ciguatera poisoning
Definition
an infection characterized by gastric upset and neuroligical symptoms that can last from weeks to years
common only in subtropical and tropical waters
caused by toxins produced by G. Toxicus
Term
zooxanthellae
Definition
a type of algae that are symbient with corals, anemones, jellyfish, sponges, etc. and provide glucose via photosynthesis to obtain CO2 and nitrogen
Term
coral bleaching
Definition
a phenomenon characterized by death of sea animals after a large number of symbient algae leave the ecosystem
Term
coccolithophorids/golden algae
Definition
an algal species characterized by disks, or coccoliths, on the outside of their cells
often called nanoplankton due to their small size
Term
calcareous ooze
Definition
a layer at the bottom of the ocean floor caused by accumulating coccoliths
eventually compacted into chalk
Term
diatoms
Definition
unicellular algal subspecies of golden algae found in fresh and marine water
characterized by cell walls made up of two separate portions of silica
Term
diatomaceous earth
Definition
a layer on the ocean floor caused by accumulating diatom cells
used for filtering, insulation, and polishes
Term
brown algae
Definition
the largest type of algae
most commonly known as kelp
grow in cooler waters on rocky shores
Term
alginate
Definition
a compound found in the walls of brown algae that is useful commercially because of its ability to absorb huge amounts of water compared to its mass
Term
adaptive radiation
Definition
the process of diversification of a species into many new species in a relatively short period of time
Term
adaptive zone
Definition
new ecological opportunities that were not exploited by an ancestral species
Term
genetic drift
Definition
the production of random evolutionary changes in a small population
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