Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Bio 102 exam 3
endocrine, nervous, reproduction
58
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/07/2013

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Definition of hormones(general)
Definition
Coordinates slower, but longer-acting responses
Chemical signals in the body to communicate regulatory messages within body
Term
Difference between steroid and water-soluble hormones in the way they signal a cell
Definition
hydrophobic (non-polar) tails to allow small hydrophobic things in, like steroids, polar hormones can't go in and has to activate from outside
Term
How does insulin and glucagon regulate carbohydrate metabolism?
Definition
BG level rises, beta cells of pancreases releases insulin--body cells takes up glucose or live takes up glucose and stores as glycogen, BG level declines, while BG falls, alpha cells release glucagon, liver breaks down and releases glucose, BG rises.
Term
anterior pituitary lobe hormone
Definition
FSH (follicle stimulating), LH(luteinizing), TSH(thyroid stimulating), ACTH(adrenocorticotropic), PRL(prolactin), GH (growth)
stimulates ovaries
Term
posterior pituitary lobe hormone
Definition
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Term
thyroid glands hormone
Definition
T3(triiodothyronine), T4(thyroxine), calcitonin
regulates metabolism
Term
adrenal medulla hormone
Definition
epinephrine and norepinephrine
triggers fight or flight response
Term
pineal gland hormone
Definition
melatonin
related to daily rhytmn
Term
Benefits of sexual vs asexual reproduction
Definition
Increase in variation of offspring, increase in rate of adaptation, shuffling of genes to remove band genes
Term
3 accessory glands found in male reproductive system
Definition
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
Term
What happens in spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
Definition
Meiosis, formation of 4 haploids from 1 diploid cell
Term
What is the final product of spermagenesis and oogenesis?
Definition
Sperm and egg respectively
Term
How does spermagenesis differ from oogenesis?
Definition
Spermagenesis can last a lifetime, while oogenesis does not
four sperm form from each cycle, while one egg forms from each cycle
sperma produces sperm in a continuous sequence, oogenesis has long interruptions
Term
What hormone released from hypothalamus that causes anterior pituitary to release two hormones?
Definition
GnRH(Gonadotropin-releasing)
Term
In male, what are the effects of the two sex hormones released for anterior pituitary?
Definition
the creation of sperm through spermagenesis
Term
In females, effects of two sex hormones released for anterior pituitary?
Definition
Hypothalamus sends GnRH to anterior pituitary which controls release of FSH and LH, both stimulates follicle to grow, LH surge triggers ovulation, follicle phase leads to estradiol secreted in increasing amounts, while LH (luteal phase) has progesterone and estradiol secreted by corpus luteum, estradiol level very low > uterine (menstrual cycle), progesterone and estradiol promote thickening of endometrium.
Term
Hermaphroditism
Definition
each individual has male and female reproductive systems
Term
internal fertilization
Definition
sperm deposited in or near female reproductive tract, fertilization occurs within tract
Term
external fertilization
Definition
eggs shed by female are fertilized by sperm in external environment
Term
ovulation
Definition
release of mature eggs at midpoint of a female cycle
Term
follicular phase vs luteal phase
Definition
follicular phase ends at ovulation, luteal phase follows ovulation
Term
corpus luteum
Definition
mass of remaining follicular tissues, secretes hormones to help maintain pregnancy, if not fertilized, degenerates
Term
two types of signals neurons use to communicate
Definition
electrical (long-distance) and chemical (short-distance)
Term
parts of central nervous system and part/function in a neuron
Definition
Composed of brain and spinal cord
Spinal cord conveys information from brain to PNS (peripheral nervous system), also produces reflexes independent from brain
Term
parts of peripheral nervous system and parts/functions in a neuron
Definition
Composed of nerves and ganglia
ganglia (simple information processing)
Afferent neurons transmit information to CNS (central nervous system)
Efferent neurons transmit information away from CNS
Term
what is an action potential and how is it generated?
Definition
Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels respond to change in membrane potential, when stimulus depolarizes, Na+ channels open allowing it to diffuse into cell, movement of Na+ increases depolarization and causes more channels to open, which leads to massive change in membrane voltage (action potential-signals that carry information along axons), it occurs if a stimulus causes voltage to cross a particular threshold, after action potential, it undershoots and enter refractory period, where a 2nd action potential cannot be initiated, results from temporary inactivation of Na+ channels
Term
Function of myelin sheath, how does it lead to salutatory conduction?
Definition
Myelin sheath causes an action potential's speed to increase,leads it towards nodes of ranvier (gaps in myelin sheath) in order for the action potential to jump
Term
What does it mean that neurotransmitter can have excitatory of inhibitory effects? What happens for each?
Definition
It can excite receiving cell, or inhibit receiving cell's activity by decreasing ability to develop action potentials

excitatory are depolarizations that brings membrane potential toward threshold
inhibitory are hyperpolarizations move membrane potential farther from threshold
Term
Sensory neurons
Definition
conduct signals from sensory receptors (external and internal stimuli/conditions)
Term
interneurons
Definition
integrate information
Term
motor neurons
Definition
convey signals to effector cells (cell capable of responding to stimulus)
Term
membrane potential
Definition
potential energy
Term
resting potential
Definition
voltage across plasma membrane
Term
hyperpolarization
Definition
an increase in magnitude of membrane potential (more negative)
Term
depolarization
Definition
reduction in magnitude of membrane potential
change in cell's membrane potential making more positive or less negative
Term
saltatory conduction
Definition
process where action potentials in myelinated axons jump between nodes of ranvier
Term
synaptic cleft
Definition
a gap between neurons at a synapse0
Term
What is motor system?
Definition
Signals to skeletal muscles and voluntary, mainly in response to external stimuli
Term
How is motor system different from autonomic system?
Definition
Motor system is voluntary and carries signals to skeletal muscles, while autonomic regulates internal environment involuntarily
Term
What does sympathetic division control?
Definition
correlates with fight or flight response (prepares body intense, energy-consuming activities)
Term
what does parasympathetic division control?
Definition
promotes return to rest or digest
(primes body activities gain and conserve energy)
Term
what does enteric division control?
Definition
Controls activity of digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder
Term
Differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic response
Definition
Parasympathetic = return 'rest and digest'
Sympathetic = correlates with 'fight-or-flight' response
Example: slowing heart, constricting bronchi in lungs and stimulating pancreas and intestines are all examples of what? Ans: Parasympathetic
Term
Difference between gray and white matter
Definition
gray matter processes information from external+internal, white matter acts as a connection and carry nerve signals between gray matter
Term
General function of glia cells
Definition
Form myelin sheaths around axons, protect nervous system from microorganisms, promote circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
Term
function of medulla oblongata
Definition
controls breathing, circulation, swallowing, digestion
Term
function of pons
Definition
controls breathing
Term
function of cerebellum
Definition
coordinates body movements, plays a role in learning and remembering motor responses
Term
function of thalamus
Definition
conducts to and from higher brain order (relay center)
Term
function of amygdala
Definition
decisions based on emotions, rather than reason
Term
function of hippocampus
Definition
episodic(autobiographical) and semantic(facts/general knowledge) memory
Term
function of corpus collosum
Definition
acts as a relay between both hemispheres
Term
function of hypothalamus
Definition
relay center to many endocrine glands
Term
function of cerebrum
Definition
information processing
Term
nerve
Definition
Bundles that consist of axons of multiple nerve cells
Term
reflex
Definition
body's automatic response to stimulus
Term
neural plasticity
Definition
ability of nervous system to be modified after birth
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
vital for perception, movement, and voluntary movement (learning part)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!