Term
| Definition of hormones(general) |
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Definition
Coordinates slower, but longer-acting responses
Chemical signals in the body to communicate regulatory messages within body |
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Term
| Difference between steroid and water-soluble hormones in the way they signal a cell |
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Definition
| hydrophobic (non-polar) tails to allow small hydrophobic things in, like steroids, polar hormones can't go in and has to activate from outside |
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Term
| How does insulin and glucagon regulate carbohydrate metabolism? |
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Definition
| BG level rises, beta cells of pancreases releases insulin--body cells takes up glucose or live takes up glucose and stores as glycogen, BG level declines, while BG falls, alpha cells release glucagon, liver breaks down and releases glucose, BG rises. |
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Term
| anterior pituitary lobe hormone |
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Definition
FSH (follicle stimulating), LH(luteinizing), TSH(thyroid stimulating), ACTH(adrenocorticotropic), PRL(prolactin), GH (growth)
stimulates ovaries |
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Term
| posterior pituitary lobe hormone |
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Definition
| oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Term
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Definition
T3(triiodothyronine), T4(thyroxine), calcitonin
regulates metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
epinephrine and norepinephrine
triggers fight or flight response |
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Term
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Definition
melatonin
related to daily rhytmn |
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Term
| Benefits of sexual vs asexual reproduction |
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Definition
| Increase in variation of offspring, increase in rate of adaptation, shuffling of genes to remove band genes |
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Term
| 3 accessory glands found in male reproductive system |
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Definition
| seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands |
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Term
| What happens in spermatogenesis and oogenesis? |
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Definition
| Meiosis, formation of 4 haploids from 1 diploid cell |
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Term
| What is the final product of spermagenesis and oogenesis? |
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Definition
| Sperm and egg respectively |
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Term
| How does spermagenesis differ from oogenesis? |
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Definition
Spermagenesis can last a lifetime, while oogenesis does not
four sperm form from each cycle, while one egg forms from each cycle
sperma produces sperm in a continuous sequence, oogenesis has long interruptions |
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Term
| What hormone released from hypothalamus that causes anterior pituitary to release two hormones? |
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Definition
| GnRH(Gonadotropin-releasing) |
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Term
| In male, what are the effects of the two sex hormones released for anterior pituitary? |
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Definition
| the creation of sperm through spermagenesis |
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Term
| In females, effects of two sex hormones released for anterior pituitary? |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus sends GnRH to anterior pituitary which controls release of FSH and LH, both stimulates follicle to grow, LH surge triggers ovulation, follicle phase leads to estradiol secreted in increasing amounts, while LH (luteal phase) has progesterone and estradiol secreted by corpus luteum, estradiol level very low > uterine (menstrual cycle), progesterone and estradiol promote thickening of endometrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| each individual has male and female reproductive systems |
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Term
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Definition
| sperm deposited in or near female reproductive tract, fertilization occurs within tract |
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Term
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Definition
| eggs shed by female are fertilized by sperm in external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| release of mature eggs at midpoint of a female cycle |
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Term
| follicular phase vs luteal phase |
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Definition
| follicular phase ends at ovulation, luteal phase follows ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
| mass of remaining follicular tissues, secretes hormones to help maintain pregnancy, if not fertilized, degenerates |
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Term
| two types of signals neurons use to communicate |
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Definition
| electrical (long-distance) and chemical (short-distance) |
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Term
| parts of central nervous system and part/function in a neuron |
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Definition
Composed of brain and spinal cord
Spinal cord conveys information from brain to PNS (peripheral nervous system), also produces reflexes independent from brain |
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Term
| parts of peripheral nervous system and parts/functions in a neuron |
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Definition
Composed of nerves and ganglia
ganglia (simple information processing)
Afferent neurons transmit information to CNS (central nervous system)
Efferent neurons transmit information away from CNS |
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Term
| what is an action potential and how is it generated? |
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Definition
| Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels respond to change in membrane potential, when stimulus depolarizes, Na+ channels open allowing it to diffuse into cell, movement of Na+ increases depolarization and causes more channels to open, which leads to massive change in membrane voltage (action potential-signals that carry information along axons), it occurs if a stimulus causes voltage to cross a particular threshold, after action potential, it undershoots and enter refractory period, where a 2nd action potential cannot be initiated, results from temporary inactivation of Na+ channels |
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Term
| Function of myelin sheath, how does it lead to salutatory conduction? |
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Definition
| Myelin sheath causes an action potential's speed to increase,leads it towards nodes of ranvier (gaps in myelin sheath) in order for the action potential to jump |
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Term
| What does it mean that neurotransmitter can have excitatory of inhibitory effects? What happens for each? |
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Definition
It can excite receiving cell, or inhibit receiving cell's activity by decreasing ability to develop action potentials
excitatory are depolarizations that brings membrane potential toward threshold
inhibitory are hyperpolarizations move membrane potential farther from threshold |
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Term
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Definition
| conduct signals from sensory receptors (external and internal stimuli/conditions) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| convey signals to effector cells (cell capable of responding to stimulus) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| voltage across plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in magnitude of membrane potential (more negative) |
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Term
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Definition
reduction in magnitude of membrane potential
change in cell's membrane potential making more positive or less negative |
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Term
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Definition
| process where action potentials in myelinated axons jump between nodes of ranvier |
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Term
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Definition
| a gap between neurons at a synapse0 |
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Term
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Definition
| Signals to skeletal muscles and voluntary, mainly in response to external stimuli |
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Term
| How is motor system different from autonomic system? |
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Definition
| Motor system is voluntary and carries signals to skeletal muscles, while autonomic regulates internal environment involuntarily |
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Term
| What does sympathetic division control? |
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Definition
| correlates with fight or flight response (prepares body intense, energy-consuming activities) |
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Term
| what does parasympathetic division control? |
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Definition
promotes return to rest or digest
(primes body activities gain and conserve energy) |
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Term
| what does enteric division control? |
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Definition
| Controls activity of digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder |
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Term
| Differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic response |
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Definition
Parasympathetic = return 'rest and digest'
Sympathetic = correlates with 'fight-or-flight' response
Example: slowing heart, constricting bronchi in lungs and stimulating pancreas and intestines are all examples of what? Ans: Parasympathetic |
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Term
| Difference between gray and white matter |
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Definition
| gray matter processes information from external+internal, white matter acts as a connection and carry nerve signals between gray matter |
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Term
| General function of glia cells |
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Definition
| Form myelin sheaths around axons, protect nervous system from microorganisms, promote circulation of cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
| function of medulla oblongata |
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Definition
| controls breathing, circulation, swallowing, digestion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| coordinates body movements, plays a role in learning and remembering motor responses |
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Term
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Definition
| conducts to and from higher brain order (relay center) |
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Term
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Definition
| decisions based on emotions, rather than reason |
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Term
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Definition
| episodic(autobiographical) and semantic(facts/general knowledge) memory |
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Term
| function of corpus collosum |
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Definition
| acts as a relay between both hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| relay center to many endocrine glands |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bundles that consist of axons of multiple nerve cells |
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Term
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Definition
| body's automatic response to stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of nervous system to be modified after birth |
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Term
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Definition
| vital for perception, movement, and voluntary movement (learning part) |
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