Term
| is the sequence of events that results in gas exchange between the environment and the body’s cells. |
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Definition
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Definition
| includes inspiration (bringing air in) and expiration (moving air out) |
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| External respiration involves |
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Definition
| gas exchange with the external environment in the lungs |
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| Internal respiration involves |
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Definition
| gas exchange between the blood and tissue fluid |
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| Internal respiration involves |
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Definition
| gas exchange between the blood and tissue fluid |
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Term
| An effective gas exchange region must be |
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Definition
| moist, thin, and large in relation to the size of the body |
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Definition
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| It is more difficult for animals to obtain O2 from ____ than from ____. |
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Definition
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| fishes use up to ___% of their energy to respire, whereas land mammals use only ___-___% of their energy output |
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Definition
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| ____ and ____ have a large surface area in comparison to their size |
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Definition
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| ____ and ____ have a large surface area in comparison to their size |
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Definition
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| outer cell layer contacts the environment; an inner layer exchanges gases with the water in the gastrovascular cavity. |
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| the flat body permits cells to exchange gases with the external environment |
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| is an invertebrate that uses its body surface for respiration |
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| expends energy to secrete mucus and release fluids from excretory pores |
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| behaviorally adapted to stay in the moist soil during the day when air is driest |
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| often pass water over gills |
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Definition
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| often pass water over gills |
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Definition
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Term
| are finely divided and vascularized outgrowths of either an outer or inner body surface |
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Definition
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| water is drawn into the mantle cavity and flows over gills |
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| a system of air tubes called tracheae through which oxygen is delivered directly to the cells without entering the blood. |
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Definition
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| usually have lungs, which are vascularized outgrowths from the lower pharyngeal region. |
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Definition
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| The lungs of birds and mammals are |
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Definition
| subdivided into smaller passageways and spaces. |
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| are located in brachial chambers under the exoskeleton |
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Definition
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Term
| are outward extensions of the pharynx organized into arches |
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Definition
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| When the mouth is open, the opercula are closed and water is drawn in; the mouth then closes and the opercula open, drawing water from the pharynx through gill slits located between the gill arches |
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Definition
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Term
| outside of the gill arches are |
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Definition
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| Blood in capillaries of ____ ____ flows in a direction opposite to that of water |
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Definition
| which are valve like openings at each side of the body |
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Term
| The ______ branch and rebranch to end in tiny _______ that are in direct contact with body cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ branch and rebranch to end in tiny _______ that are in direct contact with body cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| have air sacs located near major muscles to keep air moving in and out of the trachea |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ effectively deliver adequate oxygen to the cells of insects; the _____ ______ has no role in gas transport. |
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Definition
| tracheae,circulatory system |
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Term
| For insects that spend their larval or adult stages in water, the _____ do not receive ___ by way of spiracles |
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Definition
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Term
| the lungs lie deep within the ______ ______ for protection against drying. |
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Definition
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Term
| the lungs lie deep within the ______ ______ for protection against drying. |
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Definition
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Term
| in humans Air moves into the nose |
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Definition
| crosses the pharynx, flows through the glottis (an opening into the larynx or voice box) to the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and finally the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs |
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Term
| in humans Air moves into the nose |
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Definition
| crosses the pharynx, flows through the glottis (an opening into the larynx or voice box) to the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and finally the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs |
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Term
| This process filters debris, warms the air, and adds moisture. |
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Definition
| air moving in humans starting at the nose and ending at the alveoli |
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Term
| This process filters debris, warms the air, and adds moisture. |
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Definition
| air moving in humans starting at the nose and ending at the alveoli |
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Term
| it is at body temperature and is saturated with water |
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Definition
| When the air reaches the lungs |
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Term
| it is at body temperature and is saturated with water |
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Definition
| When the air reaches the lungs |
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Term
| The trachea and bronchi are lined with |
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Definition
| cilia that beat upward carrying mucus, dust, and any food particles that went the wrong route. |
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Term
| The hard and soft palates separate the |
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Definition
| nasal cavities from the mouth |
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Term
| When food is being swallowed, the _____ is closed by the _______, and the soft palate covers the entrance of the nasal passages into the ______ |
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Definition
| glottis, epiglottis, pharynx |
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Term
| At the edges of the glottis are |
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Definition
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Term
| From the larynx, air flows down the ____ to the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The larynx is held open by cartilage that forms |
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Definition
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Term
| The trachea walls are reinforced with |
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Definition
| C shaped rings of cartilage |
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Term
| The trachea divides into _____ bronchi; ____ ______ of cartilage diminish as bronchi branch. |
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Definition
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Term
| The trachea divides into _____ bronchi; ____ ______ of cartilage diminish as bronchi branch. |
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Definition
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Term
| Within the lungs, each bronchus branches into numerous _______ that conduct air to ______. |
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Definition
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| Within the lungs, each bronchus branches into numerous _______ that conduct air to ______. |
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| Tobacco use account for about |
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Definition
| one-third of all cancer deaths in the United States. |
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Term
| Tobacco use account for about |
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Definition
| one-third of all cancer deaths in the United States. |
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Term
| Cigarette smoke affects the lungs by causing |
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Definition
| chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (as well as cancer). |
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Term
| Cigarette smoke affects the lungs by causing |
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Definition
| chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (as well as cancer). |
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Term
| Smoking while pregnant is linked to a greater chance of |
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Definition
| miscarriage, premature delivery, stillbirth, infant death, low birth weight, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). |
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Term
| Some of the short-term effects of smoking cigarettes include |
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Definition
| shortness of breath and nagging cough, diminished ability to smell and taste, premature aging of skin, and increased risk of sexual impotence in men |
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Term
| Some of the short-term effects of smoking cigarettes include |
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Definition
| shortness of breath and nagging cough, diminished ability to smell and taste, premature aging of skin, and increased risk of sexual impotence in men |
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Term
| Long-term effects include |
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Definition
| cancer, heart disease, aneurysms, bronchitis, emphysema, and stroke. |
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Term
| Long-term effects include |
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Definition
| cancer, heart disease, aneurysms, bronchitis, emphysema, and stroke. |
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Term
| about 3,000 lung cancer deaths and about 35,000 – 40,000 deaths from heart disease each year (in nonsmokers). |
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Definition
| Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) |
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Term
| about 3,000 lung cancer deaths and about 35,000 – 40,000 deaths from heart disease each year (in nonsmokers). |
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Definition
| Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) |
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Term
| Inspiration (or inhalation) |
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Definition
| is the act of moving air into the lungs. |
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Term
| Inspiration (or inhalation) |
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Definition
| is the act of moving air into the lungs. |
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Term
| expiration(or exhalation) |
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Definition
| is the act of moving air out of the lungs |
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Term
| have both a rib cage and a diaphragm. |
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Definition
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Term
| horizontal muscle that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. |
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Definition
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Term
| horizontal muscle that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. |
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Definition
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Term
| As the thoracic cavity expands, the lung volume ______; air flows in due to the difference in ____ ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| As the thoracic cavity expands, the lung volume ______; air flows in due to the difference in ____ ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| All terrestrial vertebrates, except birds, use a |
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Definition
| tidal ventilation mechanism; air moves in and out by the same route. |
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Term
| the lungs are not completely emptied during each breathing cycle |
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Definition
| reptiles, amphibians and mammals |
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Term
| the lungs are not completely emptied during each breathing cycle |
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Definition
| reptiles, amphibians and mammals |
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Term
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Definition
| entering air mixes with used air in the lungs |
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Term
| The high oxygen requirements of flying birds require a _______ ventilation mechanism. |
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Definition
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Term
| The high oxygen requirements of flying birds require a _______ ventilation mechanism. |
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Definition
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Term
| The one-way flow means that |
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Definition
| oxygen rich air does not mix with used air; this maximizes gas exchange |
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Term
| The one-way flow means that |
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Definition
| oxygen rich air does not mix with used air; this maximizes gas exchange |
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Term
| Adults typically have a breathing rate of |
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Definition
| 12 to 20 ventilations per minute. |
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Term
| The rhythm of ventilation is controlled by a respiratory center in the |
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Definition
| medulla oblongata of the brain |
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Term
| The rhythm of ventilation is controlled by a respiratory center in the |
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Definition
| medulla oblongata of the brain |
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Term
| The _______ in the carotid bodies, located in the carotid _____, and in the aortic bodies, located in the aorta, will ______ the respiratory center during intense exercise. |
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Definition
| chemoreceptors,arteries, stimulate |
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Term
| The _______ in the carotid bodies, located in the carotid _____, and in the aortic bodies, located in the aorta, will ______ the respiratory center during intense exercise. |
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Definition
| chemoreceptors,arteries, stimulate |
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Term
| Gas exchange between the air in the |
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Definition
| alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries is primarily by diffusion. |
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Term
| Gas exchange between the air in the |
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Definition
| alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries is primarily by diffusion. |
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Term
| The amount of pressure each gas exerts is called the |
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Definition
| partial pressure (PO2 and PCO2) |
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Term
| The amount of pressure each gas exerts is called the |
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Definition
| partial pressure (PO2 and PCO2) |
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Term
| CO2 diffuses from ____ concentration in the blood across the walls of _____ capillaries to ____ concentration in the air in the alveoli. |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxygen diffuses from _____ concentration in alveoli across the walls of the alveolar capillaries to the _____ concentration in the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most O2 entering the pulmonary capillaries combines with |
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Definition
| hemoglobin (Hb) to form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) |
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Term
| Each hemoglobin molecule has |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 250 million hemoglobin molecules |
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Term
| Each RBC can carry a billion molecules of |
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Definition
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Term
| The iron atom of a heme group loosely binds with an |
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Definition
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Term
| The oxygen binding ability of hemoglobin can be |
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Definition
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Term
| The partial pressure is the amount of |
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Definition
| pressure exerted by a particular gas among all of the gases present. |
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Term
| The partial pressure is the amount of |
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Definition
| pressure exerted by a particular gas among all of the gases present. |
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Term
| At the O2 partial pressures in the tissues |
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Definition
| oxyhemoglobin quickly unloads much of its O2. |
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Term
| In tissues, some hemoglobin combines with CO2 to form |
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Definition
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Term
| most CO2 is transported in the form of |
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Definition
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Term
| most CO2 is transported in the form of |
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Definition
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Term
| is an infection of the primary and secondary bronchi and is usually preceded by a viral upper respiratory infection. |
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Definition
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Term
| is usually caused by a bacterial or viral lung infection. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The bronchi and alveoli fill with fluid |
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Term
| a rare form of pneumonia caused by the protozoan Pneumocystis carinii |
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Definition
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Term
| is caused by the tubercle bacillus, a type of bacterium |
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Definition
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Term
| is a highly diluted extract of the bacilli injected into the patient’s skin; if a person has been exposed, the immune response will cause an area of inflammation |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacilli that invade lung tissue are isolated by the lung tissue in tiny capsules called tubercles |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhaling particles of silica, coal dust, fiberglass and asbestos can lead to |
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Definition
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Term
| was used widely for fireproofing and widespread exposure occurred |
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Definition
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Term
| was used widely for fireproofing and widespread exposure occurred |
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Definition
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Term
| airways are inflamed and filled with mucus; often a cough brings mucus up |
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Definition
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Term
| losing cilia and normal cleansing action and making an infection likely. |
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Definition
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Term
| is a chronic and incurable disorder; it involves distended and damaged alveoli. |
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Definition
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Term
| The lungs often balloon due to trapped air and ineffective alveoli |
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Definition
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Term
| The elastic recoil of the lungs is reduced and the airways are narrowed, making expiration difficult |
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Definition
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Term
| Since the surface area for gas exchange is reduced, insufficient O2 reaches the heart and the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| This triggers the heart to work furiously to force more blood through the lungs; this can then lead to a heart condition |
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Definition
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Term
| This triggers the heart to work furiously to force more blood through the lungs; this can then lead to a heart condition |
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Definition
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Term
| makes the patient feel depressed, sluggish, and irritable |
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Definition
| Lack of oxygen to the brain |
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Term
| is a disease of the bronchi and bronchioles; it causes wheezing, breathlessness, and a cough |
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Definition
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Term
| The airways are sensitive to specific allergens |
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Definition
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Term
| c. Exposure to the irritant causes the smooth muscle in bronchi to spasm; chemical mediators given off by the immune cells in the bronchioles result in the spasms. |
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Definition
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Term
| c. Exposure to the irritant causes the smooth muscle in bronchi to spasm; chemical mediators given off by the immune cells in the bronchioles result in the spasms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bronchial inflammation reduces the diameter of the airways. |
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Definition
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Term
| First, a thickening and callusing of the cells lining the bronchi appears. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. Cilia are lost so it becomes impossible to prevent dust and dirt from settling in the lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. Cilia are lost so it becomes impossible to prevent dust and dirt from settling in the lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. cells with atypical nuclei appear in the callused lining |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. A tumor consisting of disordered cells with atypical nuclei develops as cancer in situ (cancer at one location). |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. A tumor consisting of disordered cells with atypical nuclei develops as cancer in situ (cancer at one location). |
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Definition
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Term
| 5. When some tumor cells break free and penetrate other tissue (metastasis), the cancer spreads. |
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Definition
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Term
| 6. A tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked, cutting off the air supply to the lungs. |
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Definition
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Term
| 6. A tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked, cutting off the air supply to the lungs. |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. The entire lung then collapses; the trapped secretions become infected causing pneumonia or lung abscess. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| where a lobe or whole lung is removed before metastasis occurs. |
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