Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Each variant for a character |
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Term
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Definition
| Offspring of two varieties or breeds |
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Term
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Definition
| Fertilization between 2 varieties |
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Term
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Definition
| Fertilization between two individuals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "first filial", 1st generation of offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| "2nd filial", offspring of cross between F1's |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic makeup of the individual |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Trace inheritance of one character e.g. flower color |
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Term
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Definition
| Trace inheritance of two characters |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes replicate in preparation for meiosis, chromosomes in form of chromatin, nuclear envelope intact |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes coil and condense; synapsis occurs; nuclear envelope dissolves; tetrads are pushed toward metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| tetrads are lined up on metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologs move away from each other, toward cell poles |
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Term
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Definition
Homologs are at a opposite cell poles;
cytonkinesis occurs, producing 2 cells with double stranded chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| second division (no chromosomal replication) |
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Term
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Definition
| if there was any uncoiling of chromosomes in TI, they coil and condense; if any nuclear envelope formed in TI, it dissolves; double-stranded chromosomes are pushed toward metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| double-stranded chromosomes are lined up on metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| sister chromatids split (now seperate chromosomes) and move away from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| single-stranded chromosomes are at opposite cell poles; cytokinesis occurs, producing 4 haploid daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| members of a pair of chromosomes in a diploid organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologous pairs meet up and form tetrads (chromatids); occurs in Prophase I |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a covalent bond between nucleotides in adjacent DNA fragments to complete the replication process |
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Term
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Definition
| small circular piece of DNA found naturally in many strains of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Tetrads line up on the metaphase plate independently of each other; allele pairs seperate independently during the formation of gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternative forms of genes for a character |
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Term
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Definition
| formed from four chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| Dominant allele does not completely mask recessive allele |
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Term
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Definition
| Both dominant alleles are fully expressed when present |
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Term
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Definition
| one allele influences more than one character |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterozygous; no noticeable or harmful effect by allele |
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Term
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Definition
| single character affected by more than one pair of genes; often causes continuous traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Pair of alleles affects the expression of another pair |
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Term
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Definition
| Traces family history of inherited traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Allele is carried on a sex chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| disease that is X-linked; recessive trait |
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Term
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Definition
| failure of chromosomes to seperate during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes not related to gender |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal chromosome number; caused by non-disjunction |
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Term
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Definition
| embryo missing one autosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Embryo has one extra autosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes Down Syndrome- poorly developed skeletal system, mental retardation, higher risk of a variety of serious health problems |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein coat enclosing a virus's genome |
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Term
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Definition
| A virus that infects bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| as it opens, gets built in fragments in the opposite direction as the leading strand |
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Term
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Definition
| Adds nucleotides to the new DNA daughter strand |
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Term
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Definition
| Unwinds the DNA strand and breaks the hydrogen bonds between nucleotides in preparation for replication |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds DNA fragments together |
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Term
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Definition
| Adds nucleotides to the growing RNA strand |
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Term
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Definition
| Built continuously in the direction that the origin of replication opens |
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Term
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Definition
| Fragments of the lagging strand |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of making RNA from a gene; in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of making protein from RNA; at the ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| the beginning of a gene (not transcribed) contains "TATA box" |
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Term
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Definition
| where transcription factors bind to turn the gene "on" |
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Term
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Definition
| sets of 3 nucleotides; transcribed into RNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| segment of nucleotides in DNA including the promoter, terminator, and other sequences |
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Term
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Definition
| major enzyme involved in making RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| carries proteins, information from nucleus; after transcription, travels to ribosome for translation |
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Term
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Definition
| Transports amino acids to ribosome/ mRNA complex |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribosomal DNA; transcribed in the nucleolus of nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| pair up with sequence on messenger RNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| DNA in use, loosely packed |
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Term
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Definition
| Unused DNA, tightly packed |
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Term
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Definition
| Tightly packed X, female nucleus; inactive chromosome; entirely methylated |
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Term
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Definition
| methyl groups (CH3) are added to cytosines; the DNA is "off" |
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Term
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Definition
| Reshuffling DNA sections;turns genes on or off; modifies gene function |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which base pairs that interrupt the continuity of genetic information in deoxyribonucleic acid are removed from the precursors of messenger ribonucleic acid. |
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Term
| Post-translational Control |
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Definition
| delay refinement of protein, subunits of protein, coming together , and transport of protein to function site |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that attach at "TATA box"; promoter, turn gene on |
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Term
| Seven characteristics of life |
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Definition
| Cells/organization, energy use/ metabolism, response to environment, regulation/homeostasis, growth/development, reproduction, biological evolution |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Plants, Animals, and Fungi |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| smallest stable unit of an element |
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Term
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Definition
| 2+ atoms bound together of an element |
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Term
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Definition
| Positively charged subatomic unit located in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Neutrally charged subatomic unit located in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Negatively charged subaomic unit; orbits |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| number of protons plus the number of neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Different versions of the same element; differ in the number of neutrons and in mass |
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Term
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Definition
| Subatomic particles decay; neutrons split into proton, electron, etc.. |
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Term
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Definition
| time required for half of a given amount of isotope to decay |
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Term
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Definition
| Shared pair of electrons between atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| One shared pair of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Two shared pairs of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Three shared pairs of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by unequal sharing of electrons between atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Equal sharing of electrons between atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Strong attraction between two ions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| How strongly an atom atrracts electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Weak attraction between oppositely charged ends of polar molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Good solvent, cohesive, less dense as a solid than as a liquid, high heat of vaporization, high specific heat |
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Term
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Definition
| Very large, complex organic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest organic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acids for strong muscles; may also be called polypeptides |
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Term
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Definition
| Polar (Like water); Ions and molecules that contain polar covalent bonds and will dissolve in water |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules that are not attracted to water molecules; hydrocarbons are generally/mostly this |
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Term
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Definition
| Process for breaking polymers down; splits OH and H and adds them |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecule made up of repeating similar subunits (monomers); polynucleotide |
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Term
| Condensation (dehydration) synthesis |
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Definition
| Process for building larger polymers(macromolecules); removes OH and H |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy storage in plants and animals; structure in plants and animal cells; Polymer: starch; monomer: Glucose; hydrophillic |
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Term
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Definition
| Fats and oils and cholesterol; hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
| Bonds between amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An organic molecule that can be used to form larger molecules; Nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Phospholipids, 2. Proteins 3. Cholesterol 4. Glycolipids 5. Glycoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
| The most abundant molecule in cell membranes; must be fluid for the memebrane to function |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell to cell recognition; a protein that has a a carbohydrate attached |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycoproteins, transport protein |
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Term
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Definition
| A lipid that has a carbohydrate attached |
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Term
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Definition
| "down" concentration gradient; High concentration to low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion of substances across a selectively permeable membrane; no energy from the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport protein assists diffusion across membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane (passive transport) |
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Term
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Definition
| The transport of a solute across a membrane against a gradient. Requires energy/ ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Active transport followed by a sort of facilitated diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| A process in which the plasma membrane invaginates to form a vesicle that brings substances into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| A process in which material inside a cell is packaged into vesicles and excreted into the extracellular medium; eliminates waste |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance dissolved in a liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| The liquid in which solute is dissolved |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase the surface area of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase the surface area of the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of cytosol and organelles between plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| In plant cells; contain pigment (Chlorophyll) which allows photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores water and sugar; osmosis; turgid/ firm |
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Term
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Definition
| Control center of the cell; where RNA is made |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Make Proteins; made up of RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Makes secretory etc. proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| In the cell, makes lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| Refines and sorts proteins for transport |
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Term
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Definition
| Golgi Apparatus, Smooth ER, Nuclear envelope, Nucleus, cell membrane, peroxisome, lysosome, Rough ER |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced during the breakdown of lipids; peroxide; 100% by-product |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| make ATP; site of aerobic (requires oxygen) cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| cell structure/ shape; holds organelles in place |
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Term
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Definition
| Organelles work together to make/transport substances throughout the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Aerobic process; organic C to inorganic C; series of REDOX reactions; Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain |
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Term
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Definition
| Anaerobic process; organic C to smaller organic C; fewer ATP prodced |
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Term
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Definition
| In cytoplasm; glucose oxidized to pyruvate; uses 2 ATP to start process; profits 2 ATP; NADH produced |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Protein filament that is part of the cytoskeleton; important for cell shape, organization, and movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Supports the plasma membrane; plays a key role in cell strength, shape, and movement |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of Light- Dependent and Light-independent reactions; reverseof cellular respiration in the presence of light energy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Light-dependent reactions |
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Definition
| gather/convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) |
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Term
| Light-independent reactions |
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Definition
| Calvin Cycle, dark reactions; use chemical energy to make sugar; do not require light energy |
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Term
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Definition
| cell division in prokaryotes |
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