Term
| two main phases of cell cycle |
|
Definition
| interphase, cell diviison |
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Term
|
Definition
| alternating periods of cell division/growth |
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|
Term
| two main types of eukaryotic cell division |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of mitosis/meiosis |
|
Definition
| mitosis- reproduce diploid body cells, meiosis- make haploid sperm/egg cells |
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|
Term
| how do prokaryotic cells divide? |
|
Definition
| circular chromosomes, binary fission, DNA duplicates |
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|
Term
| What two things occur during interphase? |
|
Definition
| cell growth, DNA replication |
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|
Term
| What two things occur during interphase? |
|
Definition
| cell growth, DNA replication |
|
|
Term
| what are homologous chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| Separate chromosomes from mother/father |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of two identical DNA copies making up a chromosome |
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|
Term
| What are sister chromatids? |
|
Definition
| replicated homologus chromosomes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| point at which sister chromatids attach |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during prophase? |
|
Definition
| proteins are visible, centrioles move to opposite sides, nuclear membrane disappears, microtubuoles attach to kinetochores |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein filaments that move things inside cell |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell organelle that organizes microtubuoles |
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|
Term
| What happens during metaphase? |
|
Definition
| Chromosomes line up to center of cell along metaphase plate |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Visual images of condensed chromosomes |
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|
Term
| what happens during anaphase? |
|
Definition
| kinetochores pull on chromosomes, break them at the centromeres and pull the chromatids to oposite sides of the cell, Polar microtubules push against each other (lengthen) and force the cell to stretch apart from the inside. |
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|
Term
| What happens during telophase? |
|
Definition
Cytokenisis- Cytoplasm division
Nuclear Membrane reforms around DNA
DNA uncoils
Contractile Ring froms
In animal cells, actin squeezes cell into 2 daughter cells |
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|
Term
| What is different about cytokenisis in plant cells? |
|
Definition
| Cells divide from inside out |
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|
Term
| What are the final products of mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does meiosis produce? |
|
Definition
| Reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) |
|
|
Term
| What happens during meiosis 1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there DNA replication during meiosis 1? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What separates at the end of meiosis 1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many daughter cells are produced after meiosis 1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during meiosis 2? |
|
Definition
| divides 2 diploid cells into 4 haploid cells |
|
|
Term
| Is there DNA replication during Meiosis 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many cells start meiosis 2? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what separates during meiosis 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are meiosis 2 products haploid or diploid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in human females, 3 of the 4 produced cells become what ? (meiosis 2) |
|
Definition
| 1 viable egg, 3 polar bodies |
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|
Term
| In human males, how many meiosis 2 cells become sperm cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does crossing over/recombination mean? |
|
Definition
| recombination creates genetic variability |
|
|
Term
| when does crossing over/recombination occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does radiation do to chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| breaks strands apart and can destroy them |
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|
Term
| What does radiation do to chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| breaks strands apart and can destroy them |
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|
Term
| What is the genetic basis of down syndrome? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the central dogma? |
|
Definition
| the flow of genetic information is from dna to rna to protein |
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|
Term
| DNA is transcribed into what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does transcription occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does transcription occur on both strands of the DNA molecule? |
|
Definition
| transcription occurs on one strand of the double stranded DNA |
|
|
Term
| does transcription require a primer? |
|
Definition
| no, RNA polymerase is required |
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|
Term
| What enzyme joins RNA nucleotides? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the mRNA go after transcription? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Whch types of cells, prokaryotes or eukaryotes edit their mRNA and why? |
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Definition
| Eukaryotes because the mRNA carries excess RNA not used to code for the final protien |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| intervening sequences that are edited out of the mature mRNA transcript |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the "expressed" parts of the mRNA that are kept and not edited out. Exons are pieced back together to from the complete mRNA molecule |
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|
Term
| Where does translation occur? |
|
Definition
| occurs outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm |
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|
Term
| Where does translation occur? |
|
Definition
| occurs outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what is the actual site of translation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a ribosome made of? |
|
Definition
| ribosome is a complex of RNA and protein |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tRNA carries amino acids to ribosomes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| one of 20 different molecules that from proteins |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the mRNA molecule is read by the ribosomes in threes. each group of three bases in the mRNa specifies a specific amino acid being put into the growing proteins chain |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| found on the tRNA molecule the anticodon is the complement of the mRNA triplet codon |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a stretch of DNA with a start and stop codon |
|
|
Term
| what does gene expression mean? |
|
Definition
| it means that a gene is transcribed and made into a protein |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| promoter is the region of dna upstream from the start codon- involved in binding/not binding regulatory proteins |
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|
Term
| does one gene always make one complete protein? |
|
Definition
| no, sometimes multiple genes are required for a larger complex protein to be completed. |
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|
Term
| Normal control of cell division |
|
Definition
1 cell sends a signal to another cell, a growth factor (sonic hedgehog)
Growth factor binds to receptor on target cell
receptor sends cyclin proteins to nucleus
receiving cell divides |
|
|
Term
| losing control of cell division |
|
Definition
cells can produce their own growth factor
mutant receptor turns on even without receiving growth factor |
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|
Term
| How does one lose control of cell division |
|
Definition
| mutations in a particular gene |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| genes involved in starting mitosis. also called growth factors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| genes that stop cell division. can also trigger the expression of proteins that kill cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncontrolled cell division (mitosis)- cells must be malignant |
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|
Term
| Three characteristics of cancer |
|
Definition
cells grow/divide abnormally
abnormal gene expression pattern. all energy devoted to cell division
cell membrane shape is distorted so cells dont stick together. they can break free and travel to other parts of the body |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| when cancer cells move to other parts of the body |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal proliferation of genetically altered cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| neoplasms, stops by itself... does not invade other tissues |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| cancer cells that usually grow rapidly and spread to other tissues |
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|
Term
|
Definition
immune system: some wbc's attack cancer cells
surgery removes cancers- ineffective if cancer has spread
radiation stops mitosis good against cancer cells
chemotherapy wide range of drugs that destroy cancer cells or supporting tissues |
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|
Term
| what is asexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| production of offspring using DNA from only one individual (mitosis in eukaryotes) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| parent splits into two or more equal parts |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| new individuals grow off another individual |
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|
Term
| fragmentation and regeneration |
|
Definition
| pieces of the adult break off and grow into a new individual |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| production of offspring from unfertilized eggs |
|
|
Term
| what is an advantage of asexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| don't have to find a mate |
|
|
Term
| what is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is sexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| production of offspring by the fusion of haploid gametes to form a zygote |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| diploid product of fertilization |
|
|
Term
| why is sexual reproduction considered good? |
|
Definition
| creates new variation, genetically unique variation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| sac of enzymes in a sperm that should get through membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular organelles that generate power to flagellum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| motor responsible for pushing cell along |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane around nucleus of egg |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane that forms when fertilization begins- prohibits any other sperm from entering cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| four steps of fertilization |
|
Definition
sperm penetrates egg coat
sperm and egg plasma membranes fuse
fertilization membrane forms
sperm and egg nuclei fuse |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs outside of female's body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| releasing millions of sperm and eggs into water hoping they will find each other |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs inside female's body |
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|
Term
| strategies organisms use to ensure that sperm and egg can get together at the right time |
|
Definition
visual displays
auditory displays
chemical displays |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a chemical produced by one individual that influences the behavior of another individual at a distance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
environmental- environment determines offspring's sex
temperature
environmental toxins
social environment |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the chromosmes determine which sex the offspring will be |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| egg laid outside the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| young develop inside female's body but do not receive constant nourishment. eggs are kept inside body |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| young develop inside female and receive constant nourishment |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| young nourished inside female's body- connected to placenta via umbilical cord |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| young nourished outside female's body inside a marsupium |
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|
Term
| blending model of inheritance |
|
Definition
| traits of parents are blended in their offspring |
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|
Term
| Two problems with the blending inheritance model |
|
Definition
all individuals in a population should eventually look alike
some traits are absent in one generation but appear in the next |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Father of modern genetics |
|
|
Term
| Particulate model of inheritance |
|
Definition
| parents pass separate and distinct particles to their offspring that do not physically blend with the other particles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| two copies of each chromosome, homologus chromosomes- one from each parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one copy of every chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name for the haploid eggs and sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| piece of DNA that codes for a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different forms of the same gene, blue eyes allele or brown eyes allele are different alleles for eye color |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| physical description of organism |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two copies of the same allele |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one allele masks the other phenotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the name of the non-dominant allele hidden by the dominant one |
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|
Term
| 3 main parts of nucleotide chain |
|
Definition
| phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, four bases (A,G,C,T) |
|
|
Term
| 4 differences between DNA and RNA |
|
Definition
| ribose sugar, AGCU, Single strand |
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|
Term
| What molecular bonds hold two nucleotide chains together? |
|
Definition
| hydrogen bonds a-t=2 g-c=3 |
|
|
Term
| DNA is wrapped around special proteins called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histone proteins plus DNA coil to form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nucleosomes pack together to form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is DNA always packed into chromatin |
|
Definition
| no, packed tightly during cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA strands are unzipped by helicase |
|
|
Term
| Complementary Base Pairing |
|
Definition
| AGCT bases find their compliments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA polymerase attaches new bases |
|
|
Term
| Semi-Conservative replication |
|
Definition
| one old and one new strand, half old strand is conserved... each new DNA molecule consists of one new strand and one old strand |
|
|
Term
| What is needed to start adding new bases to nucleotide chain? |
|
Definition
| RNA Primer: short piece of RNA that allows DNA polymerase to begin by adding new bases |
|
|
Term
| DNA synthesis proceeds in what direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fragments are used for the discontinuous synthesis of DNA in the 3' 5' direction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which a fertilized egg increases in size and complexity and becomes a reproductive adult |
|
|
Term
| seven stages of development |
|
Definition
| fertiliztion, cleavage, gastruation, neurulation, organoenesis, aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first few rounds of cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| zygote - eight cell stage- blastula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hollow ball of cells, same size as zygote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hollow cavity inside blastula that becomes the space between your digestive tube and your skin |
|
|
Term
| does cleavage occur during mitosis or meiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formation of gastrula from a blastula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| space in the hollow ball- becomes digestive tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening in the space in the hollow ball |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outside, outer surface, nervous system, eye lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inside, lining of the digestive tract- also liver, pancreas and lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived from both ecto/endoderm- muscles/skeleton/gonads/ kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formation of neural tube- spinal cord and tube |
|
|
Term
| what do the neural crest cells do |
|
Definition
| will move to form teeth, nerves, facial bones, skin pigment cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some specialized cells are inducing or telling other cells what to do |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in cell shape, migration and apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells specialize for different body roles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that retain ability to differentiate into all different cell types |
|
|
Term
| does embryo grow by mitosis or meiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeating segments of mesoderm that will develop into repeated segments of the vertebral column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a progressive decline in cell and organ function over time- leads to organism death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| life span is pre-programmed and under genetic control |
|
|
Term
| free radical theory of aging |
|
Definition
| aerobic respiration produces free oxygen radicals that damage dna and proteins- over time, the damage accumulates and leads to aging and death |
|
|
Term
| does calorie restriction effect lifespan? |
|
Definition
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|
