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| A method of investigation and the information and an understanding of the result |
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Constructing a generalization based on support from many observations
-expect answers to be correct |
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Testing competing hypotheses through experiments or observations
-expect answers to fail (process of elimination) |
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| Factors that differ among experimental subjects |
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| An un-manipulated experimental unit (lacking treatment) |
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| Unit that receives the manipulated factor |
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| Factor applied to an experimental group during an experiment |
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| Original research reports in technical journals |
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| Textbooks, popular science books and magazines |
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| An observation accepted as true by repeated confirmation |
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| Logical interpretation of facts |
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| A well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses |
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| Statement or description of a natural process that occurs in a constant or invariable manner |
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| Questions that address general phenomena |
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| Questions intended to solve specific problems |
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| 5 Characteristics of Science |
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1) Guided and explained by natural law
2) Testable against empirical world
3) Conclusions are tentative
4) Objective and rational
5) Self-correcting |
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| Presents information about the natural world that is not derived from scientific methodology |
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All organisms are made of cells
The cell is the functional unit of life
All cells come from other cells |
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| Why do cells have to be small? |
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| Efficiency of transferring materials is optimal in these cells |
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| Features of Prokaryotic Cells |
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Definition
| No nucleus, small cells, may not require oxygen, only single celled organisms |
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| Features of Eukaryotic Cells |
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| Nucleus, larger, usually need oxygen, multicellular organisms |
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| Fluid substance that fills cell |
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| Protein filaments that provide structure and movement |
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Cell boundary
Semi-permeable barrier allowing some molecules to diffuse through while restricting the passage of others |
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| Membranous structures with specialized functions |
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| Job of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| Has ribosomes-makes protein |
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| Job of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| No ribosomes-makes lipids |
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| Contains acid and enzymes that digest foreign materials and recycle organelles |
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| Generates cellular energy using chemical reactions |
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Only in plants
Cellulose layer that strengthens cells |
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| Involved in photosynthesis (aka chloroplasts) |
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| 4 Components of the Plasma Membrane |
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Phospholipid Bilayer
Cholesterol
Proteins
Glycocalyx |
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| Components of the Phospholipid Bilayer |
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Definition
Membrane "sandwich"
Phosphate heads are hydrophilic
Lipid tails are hydrophobic |
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Structural support
Recognition
Communication
Transport |
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| Primary Plasma Membrane Function |
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Definition
| Regulation of movement of materials into and out of the cell |
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| Diffusion of molecules directly through membrane |
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| Diffusion only through protein channels |
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| Cell expends energy to "pump" molecules through transport proteins |
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| Molecules exported from cell |
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| Molecules imported when membrane folds in and surrounds them |
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Energy of movement
heat, radiant, mechanical |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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| When energy changes form, there is no net loss or gain |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| When energy changes form, some of it is turned into heat |
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| Reactions that absorb energy and store it in its chemical bonds of large molecules |
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| Reactions that break down large molecules and release energy |
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| What is the Cell's Energy Currency? |
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| ATP (Adenosine Triphospate) |
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Chemical tools that catalyze and increase rate of biochemical reactions
Protein composition
Affected by temperature and pH |
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Definition
1. Active sites match the shape of specific substrate molecules
2. Substrates attach to enzyme forming an enzyme-substrate complex
3. E-S complex facilitates chemical reactions |
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| Regulation of Enzyme Activity |
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Definition
Can be made by the cell only when needed
Regulatory mechanisms
-competitive inhibition
-allosteric control |
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| Molecules interfere with binding of substrates in reaction |
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| High concentration of products interferes with enzyme activity |
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| Three Stages of Aerobic Respiration |
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Definition
1) Glycolysis
2) Krebs Cycle
3) Electron Transport |
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| Glucose split into two 3-carbon molecules |
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| Cyclic pathway that breaks glycolysis by-products into smaller molecules, releasing electrons and C02 |
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| A chain of molecules that uses chemical energy released by the other two steps to make ATP |
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| Energy Yield of Three Steps of Aerobic Respiration |
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Definition
Glycolysis=2
Krebs cycle=2
Electron Transport=32 |
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| Location of Three Steps of Aerobic Respiration |
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Definition
Glycolysis=cytosol
Krebs Cycle=mitochondria
Electron Transport=mitochondria |
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| What happens in the absence of oxygen |
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| What happens in the absence of oxygen |
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Alcohol Fermentation
Lactate Fermentation |
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| Yeast respiring in anaerobic environments make ethanol |
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| Muscles without enough oxygen to respire aerobically will make ____ acid |
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| Stacks of thylakiod membranes inside chloroplast |
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| Fluid between grana in chloroplast |
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| Plants are Green Because... |
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Definition
| The green wavelengths are reflected while all other color wavelengths are absorbed |
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| Two Reactions Involved in Photosynthesis |
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Definition
Light dependent reaction
Light independent reaction |
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Definition
Traps light to makes ATP
Water molecules split and energized hydrogen electrons travel through an electron transport system
Occurs in thylakoids |
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| Light Independent Reaction |
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Definition
ATP used to make glucose from carbon dioxide
In stroma |
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| General Photosynthesis Equation |
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Definition
| 6CO2 + 6H20 + Light --> C6H1206 + 6O2 |
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| Other Types of Photosynthesis |
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Definition
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| C4 Pathway Photosynthesis |
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| More efficient in warm, dry situations |
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| CAM Plants Photosynthesis |
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Definition
| Absorb CO2 at night to avoid water loss during the day-desert plants |
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