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| Set of methods designed to describe and interpret observed and inferred phenomena, past or present, and aimed at building a testable body of knowledge open to rejection or confirmation |
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| Generalized scientific method |
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| 1. Observations 2. Questions 3. Hypothesis 4. Experiments 5. Communicate results |
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| Two types of scientific reasoning |
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| Constructing a generalization based on support from many observations; expects answers to be correct |
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| Testing competing hypotheses through experimentation or observation; expects answers to fail |
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| Factors that differ among experimental groups |
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| Unmanipulated experimental unit |
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| Manipulated experimental unit |
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| Factor applied to experimental group |
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| Primary scientific literature |
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| Scientific journals; mostly meant for other scientists |
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| Secondary scientific literature |
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| Textbooks, science books, magazines; meant for citizens |
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| Observation accepted as true |
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| Logical interpretation of facts |
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| A well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses |
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| Statement or description of a natural process that occurs in a constant manner |
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| 5 Characteristics of Science |
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| 1. Guided and explained by natural law 2. Testable against empirical world 3. Conclusions are tentative 4. Objective and rational 5. Self-correcting |
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| Questions that address general phenomena |
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| Questions intended to solve specific problems |
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| Men responsible for explanation of DNA |
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Definition
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| Nucleotide components of DNA |
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Definition
| Deoxyribose, phosphate, 4 nitrogen bases |
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| 4 nitrogen bases of DNA and bonds |
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Definition
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
A<-->T
C<-->G |
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| DNA replication does what? |
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Definition
| Makes new chromosomes during interphase |
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| Nucleotide sequences determine what? |
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Definition
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| Process of DNA replication |
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Definition
| 1. Chromosomes separate into 2 single nucleotide strands 2. Individual nucleotides are added into a growing chain that replaces each missing strand 3. Completed with 2 chromosomes that each contain 1/2 the original |
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| Facilitates replication and provides code for genetic instructions |
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| Process by which organisms change over successive generations |
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| Initial assumptions of evolution |
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| "Special creation"; organisms divinely created and unchanged; no modification or extinction |
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| "Inheritance of acquired characteristics"; features modified during the life of an individual through disproportionate use or disuse are passed or not passed along to offspring |
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| Problem with Lamarkian evolution |
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| Activities of an individual do not change DNA |
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| Darwin and Wallace developed what theory? |
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| Describes how populations evolve as favorable variations are disproportionately preserved through successive generations |
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| Voyage Darwin was on, purpose, and place |
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| HMS Beagle; Mapping coastlines; South America and Galapagos islands |
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| Intentional creation of a new species |
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| Record of ancient life providing relative age |
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| Radioactive elements degrade over time into stable elements (half-lives) |
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| Shape and anatomy reflect ancestry and adaption; homologous structures and analogous structures; vestigial structures |
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| Common ancestry is reflected in embryonic development-traits of the earliest ancestors revealed in descendants |
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| Similarity in DNA structure indicates a degree of relatedness |
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| Mutually supportive; anatomical evidence is corroborated by fossils and genetics |
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| The surge of LH does what? |
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Definition
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| What is secreted from corpus luteum |
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Definition
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| Loss of progesterone causes what? |
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Definition
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| What thickens uterine walls? |
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Definition
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| What keeps corpus luteum intact during pregnancy? |
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| Study of interactions between organisms and their environment |
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| Study of size, geographic distribution, and patterns of change in a population overtime |
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| Population characteristics |
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| Size, density, disruption |
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| Population ecology: Density |
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| Number of individuals per unit of space |
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| Population ecology: Disruption |
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| How many individuals are dispersed; uniform: equal distance; random: no spacing; clumped: clusters |
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| Absolute increase in numbers is proportional to the population size |
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| Exponential growth that eventually decreases towards stability (carrying capacity) |
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| Increase (birth + immigration) - decreases (deaths + emigration) |
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| Density-independent factors |
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Definition
| Impact population growth the same at any density (ex. fires, floods, storms, etc.) |
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| Density-dependent factors |
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Definition
| Effect proportional to density (ex. disease, parasitism, parasitism, competition) |
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| Equilibrium species; population: limited by carrying capacity, density dependent, relatively stable; organisms: larger, longer lived, produce fewer offspring, provide greater care for offspring |
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| Opportunist species; population: limited by reproductive rates, density independent, relatively unstable; organisms: smaller, short lived, produce many offspring, provides no care for offspring |
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| Increase of __ billion every __ years |
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| Impacts of overpopulation |
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Definition
| 1. Food shortages, 2. Water shortages, 3. Pollution, 4. Loss of biodiversity, 5. Increased infectious disease rate |
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| Study of how species use resources and interact with coexisting species |
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| Species role in community (pattern of resource use) |
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| Result of 2 or more species using similar resources |
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| Competitive exclusion principle |
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| Species occupying the same niche cannot coexist |
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| Competition minimized by... |
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| Difference between predators and parasites |
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Definition
| Predators kill and consume prey smaller than themselves; parasites consume tissue of host without killing them |
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| Prey defenses against predators |
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| Camouflage; aposematic coloration; mimicry; behavioral defenses; physical or chemical defense |
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| One species benefits, other unaffected |
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| Two beneficial symbiotic relationship |
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| Commensalism and mutualism |
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| Reciprocal selection interacting species |
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| Following disturbance, community will undergo orderly series of changes in community members until final stable stage is attained |
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| Succession begins from barren environment with no organic material |
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| Succession begins from a point where soil is still present from a previous community |
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| Community and its associated physical environment |
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| Two essential non living resources provided by physical environment |
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| 1st: producers; 2nd: primary consumers; 3rd: secondary consumers 4th: tertiary consumers |
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| Feed on dead and decomposing organic matter |
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| As top predators decline in an ecosystem, an increase in populations of middle predators occurs. |
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| Controls on the abundance and/or community structure of organisms that derive from supply of resources or from physical factors; controls arise from near the bottom of food web, below the trophic level in question |
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Definition
| Exchange process for each element between biotic and abiotic components |
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| Biological indicators of climate change |
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Definition
| Range expansions/contractions; shifting migratory patterns; bleaching of coral reefs |
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Definition
| Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) converted into NH3 and NH4 |
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Definition
| Animals response to a stimulus |
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| Innate behavior; shaped by natural selection; doesn't require previous behavior |
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| Instinctive behavior patterns |
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Definition
| Taxis; Fixed action patterns |
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| Movement towards or away from a stimulus |
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| Complex stereotypical behavior triggered by a specific stimulus (ex. cuckoo nest parasitism) |
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| Behaviors that result from experience or environment |
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Definition
| Loss of response to a stimulus after repeated exposure |
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Definition
| Copying a behavior observed in another individual |
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| Association between stimulus and event |
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Definition
| seeking or avoiding a stimulus due to association with rewards or punishments |
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Definition
| Irreversible association between juveniles and parents that can only form in early life |
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| Visual signal communication |
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Definition
| Colors, movements, body postures; requires close contact for detection; can be adjusted to change message |
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| Auditory signal communication |
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Definition
| Vocalizations convey info over long distances; not limited by illumination or habitat complexity; energetically expensive |
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| Chemical signal communication |
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Definition
| Long lasting message; low energy cost; pheromones |
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| Tactile signal communication |
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Definition
| Important in sexual communication; reinforces social bonds between group members |
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Definition
| Explores evolutionary context of social behaviors |
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| Pros of competitive interactions |
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Definition
| Effective way to settle conflict over resources |
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| Cons of competitive interactions |
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Definition
| Can result in physical injury |
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| Contests that decide disputes without injury; threat displays, ritualized combat |
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| Establishment of "pecking order" |
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| Individual ownership of space and resources |
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Definition
| Species recognition, reduce aggression between potential mates, evaluation of mate quality |
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| Mate choice operates on what fact? |
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Definition
| Not all individuals are equally attractive |
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| Who has more to gain about being selective about mates? |
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Definition
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| Natural selection traits that come into play during mate selection |
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Definition
| Large male body size and indicators of genetic quality |
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Definition
| Promiscuity, monogamy, polygamy |
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| 2 genetic tendencies humans struggle with |
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Definition
| Overeating and overspending |
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| In general, what do people look for in a mate? |
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Definition
| Good genes: vigorous, clear-skinned, symmetrical partners who aren't relatives |
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| Driven to produce offspring |
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| Gene shopping and find a more committed mate |
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| Self-sacrificing behaviors that benefit others (not random, almost always related to kin being close) |
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