-breaking things down, exergonic (releases energy), negative change in G

-respiration

-building things up, requires energy- endergonic, positive change in G

-photosynthesis

-Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen

-96%

Potassium (K), Phosphorous (P), Calcium (Ca), Sulfur (S)

-4%

H2CO3 -> HCO3-  +  H+

-when the pH of blood decreases, the reaction proceeds to the left, forming more H2CO3

-not polymers.

-fats, steroids, phospholipids(cell membrane),

-for energy storage

-saturated fats have no double bonds. ex animal fats

-unsaturated fats have some double bonds. ex plants, fish, oils

-dehydration makes bonds, 

-hydrolysis breaks bonds

-made of microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

-involved in support and cellular motility

-in the nuclear envelope

-allow for regulated movement of materials between cytoplasm and nucleus

-decreases as cell gets larger

-surface area determines what can enter/leave the cell

-volume determines metabolic activity

-catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy

-affected by temp, pH, competitive & noncompetitive inhibitors

-inputs: 1 glucose, 2 ATP, (enzymes hexokinase and phosphofructose kinase used also)

-net products: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

32-34 ATP

1 reception

2 transduction

3 response

-an enzyme that transfers phosphorous from ATP to proteins, 

-common type of signal transduction (phosphorylation & dephosphorylation)

-binary fission (asexual)

-conjugation with sex pilus, transformation, transduction

Light Reactions of Photosynthesis

-take place in thylakoid

-convert light energy from excited photon to chemical energy

-produce ATP and NADPH *HOW MANY????????*

-in stroma, convert CO2 to sugar using ATP and NADPH from light rxns

-fixation, reduction, regeneration

-9 ATP and 6 NADPH used to produce 1 G3P net

-the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction where CO2 is joined to the 5C sugar creating the 6C intermediate in the 1st step (fixation) of the calvin cycle

-most abundant protein on the planet

-in cytosol

-2 phases = energy investment & energy payoff

-investment: 2 ATP used, P added to each end of 6C glucose molecule

-payoff: it splits in half, 2 NAD+ -> 2NADH and 2 ADP-> 2ATP

result: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

-part of both cellular respiration & fermentation

-links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

-3C pyruvate loses 1 C to become CO2, 

-NAD+ -> NADH

-coA attaches to the 2C to form acetyl coA

- in mitochondria

-coA removed, 2C attached to 4C molecule, forming 6C citrate

-loses 2 C to form 2 CO2 molecules

-2 ATP produced per glucose molecule

-respiration without oxygen or electron transport

-in cytoplasm

-glucose is broken into 2 pyruvate,

-2NADH, 2 ATP, and lactic acid or ethanol are formed

-NADH takes electrons to the transport chain, transferred between carriers, oxidized & reduced

-energy is transferred from electrons to Hydrogen ions across the membrane forming gradient

-H+ flow back down thru ATP synthase, ATP pumped out

-32-34 ATP PRODUCED

- all 3 domains 

-energy source = light

-carbon source = CO2

-bacteria

-energy = light

-carbon = organic compounds

-bacteria & archaea

-energy = organic compounds

-carbon = CO2

-all domains

-energy= organic compounds

-carbon= organic compounds

-gametophyte generation (n) includes mitosis

-sporophyte generation (2n) includes meiosis

the type of green algae that is most closely related to land plants

-relationship indicated by cell division via cell plate and phragmoplast

-mutual relationship between plant and fungus

-plant provides sugars to the fungus, fungus aids the plant in the uptake of water/mineral nutrients

Forces water and minerals that are moving through the apoplast in the root cortex to cross the plasma membrane of an endodermis cell before entering the vascular cylinder in the roots

-evaporative loss of water from mesophyll cells, 

-transpirational pull

-adhesion of water molecules to hydrophillic walls of tracheids and vessel elements (xylem)

-exudation of water droplets on surfaces of leaves

-caused by positive water pressure in roots

male gametophyte

-"ancient plastid"

-the group in which chloroplasts were originated by primary endosymbiosis: a eukaryote engulfing a photosynthetic prokaryote and it stabilizing

-diversification of Hox genes

-increased predator-prey relationships