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Bio 102 Final
im fucked
73
Biology
Undergraduate 1
05/07/2011

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Term
Macronutrients
Definition
Any element that is required in large quantities for normal growth, reproduction, and living of an organism
Term
Micronutrients
Definition
Any element that is required in very small quantities for normal growth, reproduction, and living of an organism.
Term
Symbiosis
Definition
Any close and prolonged physical relationship between individuals of two different species.
Term
Parisitism
Definition
A symbiotic relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to one organism but detrimental to the other.
Term
Mutualism
Definition
A symbiotic relationship between two organisms that benefits both
Term
Which nutrients are often the most difficult for plants to get from the soil?
Definition
A species is defined as indigenous or native to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only natural processes, with no human intervention.
Term
Native Species
Definition
A Species, species that normally lives and thrives in a particular ecosystem. This can include any species that developed with the surrounding habitat, and can be assisted by or affected by a new species.
Term
Why does it take so much energy to fix nitrogen?
Definition
Because no plants or animals have enzymes that can break it down but some bacteria can
Term
How much energy is required to fix one molecule of
nitrogen?
Definition
Strong triple bond N=N. Nitrogen fixers have an enzyme called nitrogenase. This takes 36 atp- uses a whole glucose molecule
Term
In what form does nitrogen occur in the air?
Definition
N2
Term
What percentage of air is composed of
nitrogen gas?
Definition
Air is 78% N2
Term
What kinds of organisms can produce nitrogenase?
Definition
Nitrogen fixers- bacteria- some prokaryotes
Term
What is the function of nitrogenase?
Definition
To fix the the N2 so in can used my plants in the the NH3 form, they use to make amino acids
Term
Where does Azotobacter it occur in relationship to plant roots? What does the plant provide to the
bacterium? What does the bacterium provide to the plant?
Definition
Soil: loose association:bacteria stay in slime on outside of roots
Some sugar leak out of roots-Azoto attracted to that slime and absorbs sugars
*exchange sugar for amonia
Term
What kinds of plants form relationships with nitrogen fixing bacteria that live in the soil?
Definition
Many species of plants- ex:roses
Term
About what
percentage of the nitrogen that a beachgrass plant uses in its life comes from Azotobacter?
Definition
80%
Term
What kinds of organisms (plants and bacteria) are involved in nitrogen fixation that occurs inside plant roots?
Definition
Prokaryotes that live inside roots-bacteria invade roots-get inside cells
Only in legume(bean) family-bean,pea,clover,soybean,alfalfa,peanuts, ect
Term
What is a nodule and what does it contain?
Definition
Bacteria gets inside cortical cells called nodules, form swells on roots(tumers)
Term
Which organism makes the cell wall
material of which the infection thread is composed?
Definition
Legume- epiderms –root hair- tube grows bacteria follows along to cortical cells- called “infection thread” goes into plasma membrane of cortical cell
Term
What is the difference between a bacterium and bacteroid?
Definition
Structure of a bacteroid is derived from the host plants
Term
Where are bacteroids found?
Definition
Bacteriod= bacterium sourounded by PM from host
Term
What structure of a bacteroid is derived from the host plant?
Definition
Bacteria goes through lots of mitosis
Term
What is exchanged between bacteroids and host?
Definition
Nitrogen and Protein
Term
Why do seeds of legumes contain more protein than seeds of cereals?
Definition
Because of symbiosis- protein content in seed 2-3 times more then otheres
Term
Why do plants often suffer from a shortage of phosphate even though there is abundant phosphate inthe soil?
Definition
Present but often unavailable-stuck to other compounds so plants
PO4-form insoluble can’t get it
Complexes with Fe and Al in soil
The PO4 does not come off
Term
What is the size of the depletion zone of phosphate around a root? Why doesn't the phosphate from outside the depletion zone migrate into the zone?
Definition
1/8 inch depletion zone, molecules too big
Term
How do mycorrhizal fungi help plants overcome the phosphate problem?
Definition
Mutualism
Roots form assoc. with certain fungi =mycorrhizae
Fungal hyphae in roots and soil exchange: phos./ sugar almost all plants require myc
Term
What are ectomycorrhizae? What kinds of plants form ectomycorrhizae?
Definition
Pine family, pine, fir, spruce, oak, beach ect..
5% of plants. Type of mycrohizae
Term
Explain why attempts to introduce pine trees into Australia failed when seeds were sent there and planted.
Definition
Because there was no mycrohizae- wrong fungal species
Term
About what percentage of plants form arbuscular mycorrhizae? What plants don't form AM?
Definition
80%- ferns, gymnosperms, angio
Ash/ yew(chloraphyl 3x)???
Term
What benefits do plants receive from mycorrhizal relationships?
Definition
Improve PO4 uptake-growth
Term
How important are mycorrhizae for plants to be able to grow in nature?
Definition
Drought protection
Term
Describe the processes involved that result in sand being deposited where plants are growing in a
dune.
Definition
Sand- wind –grains move through air unit wind is slowed by an object
Term
Accretion
Definition
Accumulation of sand
Term
What is the opposite of Accretion
Definition
Erosion= loss of sand
Term
If you wanted to encourage erosion of the dunes, what could you do?
Definition
Remove objects/ plants
Term
What could you do to encourage accretion?
Definition
Fencing slows wind (accretion stops erosion)
Term
What are the major plant species involved in forming dunes in North America and in what regions do they occur?
Definition
American beach grass- N east
Sea oat(uniola) –S east, gulf
Grasses- great lakes
Shrubs-west
Term
What stimulates the growth of Ammophila breviligulata
Definition
Plants slow wind near crest- plants cause accretion near crest, growth of plants is stimulated
Term
Why does this plant grow better at the front of
the dune than in the back of the dune?
Definition
Ammophila requires frequent deposition of sand-source of nutrients, new sand stimulates growth, new roots. Once the plant is barried in new sand- grows new roots, and uses up all the nutrients.(accretion)
Term
What happens to Ammophila when it is buried by sand?
Definition
Once the plant is barried in new sand- grows new roots, and uses up all the nutrients.(accretion)Ammophia-growth and reproduction. Rizomes-rapid colonization of unvengetated areas,soil under vegetated dune-filled with rhizomes/roots
Term
Rhizome
Definition
A horizontal, underground stem.
Term
How could you recognize if a plant made rhizomes without digging the rhizome up?
Definition
Plants that spread by rhizomes can often spread quickly and will help hold it in place
Term
Why are rhizomes important in determining how quickly barren areas of sand can become
vegetated?
Definition
Because they help spread- rapid colonization of unvegatative areas, hold dune in place
Term
How important are seeds of Ammophila in the colonization of barren areas of sand dunes?
Definition
Not important- 99% eaten by mice
Term
Explain how a sand dune can advance toward the ocean.
Definition
Toward ocean- rare. Requires; supply of new sand and plants- may require protection form humans
Term
Explain how a sand dune retreats.
Definition
Retreat-natural process
Storm-waves rush on storm-flat
Wind- smooths out
Ha smoved back somege 1-3 feet/year (max -20 feet)
Causes: wind erosion,wave erosion-both come from hurricane storms.
Rising sea level-newport-1 foot since 1890*
No new sand*
Disstruction of plants
Term
How fast can dunes (and the coastline) retreat in a year? What is the average for RI?
Definition
Average 1-3 feet per year –max 20 feet
Term
At what rate is sea level rising? Why is this a problem for sand dunes?
Definition
Newport rose 1 foot since 1890, covers them
Term
When a house is built on sand dunes, what do home-owners do that hastens the retreat of the
dunes? What can be done to stop the dunes from retreating?
Definition
They remove that plants, putting up a fence, leaving the plants, not walking ont hem, adding sand.
Term
What is “beach nourishment?”
Definition
Importing sand as protection
New sand 2-3 miles
Ex/ Miami beach – lasts 2-3 years $1,000,000 per mile
Term
How are mycorrhizal fungi important in sand dunes?
Definition
Sand is low in nutrients
Ammophila-azotobacter(n)
Ammophila+ most other species arb. Mycorrhizae- for p
Myc. Fungi-plants-dunes(dramatic difference in growth with fungi)
Term
ZEBRA MUSSEL
Definition
Native To: Eurasia
Date of U.S. Introduction: 1988
Native To: Eurasia
Date of U.S. Introduction: 1988
Means of Introduction: Ballast water
Impact: Competes with native species; clogs pipes
Term
GORILLA OGO
Definition
Brittle seaweed with cylindrical branches 2-5 mm in diameter. Gorilla ogo grows on the reef where it forms thick intertwining mats up to 15 cm thick
Native to the Indian Ocean and South Pacific, introduced to Hawaii for aquaculture research to produce agar
• Grows quickly, forming large, thick mats over the reef, overgrowing and killing coral and other seaweeds.
• Primarily spread by fragmentation (pieces of seaweed floating to a new location). Can also be spread by people moving pieces unwittingly.
• Large amounts of algae wash ashore on beaches impacting beach use and local economy
• Prevents young, new corals and seaweeds from attaching to the bottom to grow.
• Not recognized or preferred as food for many reef dwellers
• Changes bottom habitat, does not provide larger animals with access to holes and crevices.
Term
LIONFISH
Definition
Lionfish are native to the Indian and Pacific oceans. But in the past few years, they've spread up the Eastern seaboard and throughout the Caribbean. The Bahamas have been hit the hardest.
Got out of tank in florida 1992 hurricane
Term
GARLIC MUSTARD – HOW DOES THIS SPECIES KNOCK OUT THE
COMPETITION?
Definition
Native To: Europe
Date of U.S. Introduction: 1800s
Means of Introduction: Cultivated for food and medicinal use
Impact: Crowds out native species
Term
SNOWFLAKE CORAL IN HAWAII
Definition
• Native to the Caribbean, believed to be introduced to Hawaii and spread around the islands by hull fouling. First discovered in Pearl Harbor in 1972
Harm:
• Spreads vegetatively (runners spread to adjacent areas), and by producing young that float to new areas (as planktonic larvae). Continues to spread when boats carry colonies to new locations (hull fouling)
• Overgrows corals and hard reef surfaces, preventing other species from growing. Can grow up to one inch every two weeks
• Colonies eat large amount of zooplankton - tiny animals which support the food web
• Colonies growing in deep water are overgrowing and killing black coral and large swaths of the bottom-dwelling community
In Hawaii:
• Present in large numbers in waters around most of the main Hawaiian Islands although the population appears very limited on Kauai. Small population on Kauai at Port Allen may be eradicable
• Not yet known to be present in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Term
ASIAN LONGHORN BEETLE
Definition
A new and potentially serious threat to some of North America’s most beautiful and popular trees is the Asian Longhorned Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis). Native to parts of Asia, the beetle is believed to have arrived in North America in the wooden packing material used in cargo shipments from China. Isolated Asian Longhorned Beetle infestations have been discovered in Brooklyn and Amityville, New York, and in Chicago, Illinois. In all instances where Asian Longhorned Beetles have been found, authorities have reacted quickly to stop the infestation from spreading.
Term
COQUI IN HAWAII
Definition
Note: The coqui frog has invaded the east side of the Big Island of Hawaii where I am from, and is causing a community wide effort to slow their spread to the westside of the island. Having no natural enemy, these tiny frogs have been multiplying rapidly and are considered an invasive species. Though beloved in their native Puerto Rico, Hawaiians are attempting chemical eradication (and other methods) with little success. In the long run, the loud chirping at night (dusk to about 3 a.m.) may have to be tolerated and accepted.
Term
WOOLLY ADELGID
Definition
Hemlock woolly adelgid was introduced from Asia into the Pacific Northwest in 1924. It was probably introduced into the northeastern US in the 1950's, and it was first discovered in Pennsylvania in 1967. This insect has been damaging hemlock ever since, and it is spreading. To date, 49 Counties in the eastern two-thirds of PA have been infested with this insect.
Hemlock woolly adelgid has two generations per year in Pennsylvania. All populations are made up of females that reproduce asexually. In early spring, overwintering females lay between 100 and 300 eggs in the woolly egg sacs beneath the branches. Mobile larvae, known as crawlers, emerge from the eggs in April or May
Term
ASIAN CARP
Definition
Asian carp have been found in the Illinois River, which connects the Mississippi River to Lake Michigan. Due to their large size and rapid rate of reproduction, these fish could pose a significant risk to the Great Lakes Ecosystem.
To prevent the carp from entering the Great Lakes, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. EPA, the State of Illinois, the International Joint Commission, the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are working together to install and maintain a permanent electric barrier between the fish and Lake Michigan.
Term
Describe the effects of feral pigs on native plants, invasive plants, water quality, reefs, and native
Definition
birds in Hawaii. What methods are used to control feral pigs and limit damage?
1. Eat native plants
2. Disperse seeds of invasive plants
3. “rooting” by pigs- mud holes-rain-erosion-soil in streams-damage to steams
4. Non native mosquitoes in holes-maleria, death of native birds
Fence used as control, hunt
Term
Name several diseases of humans caused by alien species. When Europeans settled North
America, what was the effect of introduced diseases on the population of native Americans?
Definition
2/3 killed smallpox??
Term
What is biocontrol, and what is its advantage in dealing with invasive species? Where would you go to find for a biocontrol for an invasive species? Why must the biocontrol organism be “specific?”
Definition
biocontrol: often best hope –pathegons, predators, consumers-from home range + must be specific often best hope
Term
In about what year did the bird population in Guam begin to decline? What evidence pointed to the problem originating on the south end of the island?
Definition
1970s, 74: none in the south, 76-78:pop. In north declines by 80%
In 1968-80,000
85-50 birds left
By 1985: 9 of 12 species of forest birds extinct
Term
Of the 12 species of forest birds native to Guam, how many remain? What effects has the decline of the bird population on Guam had on other native species?
Definition
4, cascade effect: insects go up,geckos up, bird and bat seed/pollen dispersal goes down.
Term
What were considered to be possible causes of the decline of the bird population? Who carried out the study? What were the TWO reasons that the alien snakes on Guam were not thought to be the cause?
Definition
Pestisides, disease, predation, rats, monitor
Not the philipine rat snake: NO because slow ground dwelling-1 meal per month
Term
Describe the brown tree snaked (BTS) and the period when it is active.
Definition
Sleeping pattern behavior –all lined up
Can eat 60% body height in one meal
Vicioud and voracious
Birds, eggs, lizards, rabbits, rats, kittens, puppies, bats, chickens,used bandages, tamptoms.
Attacks humans- toliets, showers, heating vent in car
Attacks children
Great climbing ability-fast-birds nest
Term
What do BTS eat? How dangerous are they to humans? What other costly problems did BTS cause on Guam?
Definition
Power outages, every 3-4 day
Term
Why were the birds of Guam especially easy prey for the BTS?
Definition
They line up in a line when they sleep
Term
What method appears to be the most promising to control BTS on Guam?
Definition
Bird breeding program
Snake free zone –area 50 –electric fence
Snake killing programs
-trapping
-biocontrol-virus-where from-autralia
Term
What are some other areas the BTS has been found?
Definition
Spread to their areas hide in crates, air cargo, airplanes and are found in all marina islands, Hawaii texas
Term
What methods are used to slow the spread of BTS to other areas of the world?
Definition
Theydo inspections, dogs, snake traps. In Hawaii they've hired ecologists
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