Term
| A Heterozygous individual has a ____ for a trait being studied. |
|
Definition
| pair of nonindentical genes (9) |
|
|
Term
| An Organisms observable traits constitute it's ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The offspring of the cross AA x aa are ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Assuming all alleles have a clear dominant/recessive relationship, a dihybrid cross leads to a phenotypic ratio in offspring that is typically close to ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The probability of a crossover occurring between two genes on the same chromosome _____. |
|
Definition
| increases with the distance between them (9) |
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|
Term
| _____ alleles are both fully and equally expressed. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A bell curve indicates ______ in a trait. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Constructing a pedigree is particularly useful when studying inheritance patterns in organisms that _____ |
|
Definition
| have few offspring per generation (9) |
|
|
Term
| A female child inherits one X chromosome from her mother and one from her father. What sex chromosome does a male child inherit from each of his parents? |
|
Definition
| X from mother, Y from father. (9) |
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|
Term
| Nondisjunction at meiosis can result in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F? All traits are inherited in a predictable way |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If one parent is heterozygous for a dominant autosomal allele and the other parent does not carry the allele, a child of theirs has a ____ chance of being heterozygous. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) is most easily diagnosed by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of species on an island usually depends on the size of the island and it's distance from a mainland. This statement would most likely be made by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bones of a bird's wing are similar to the bones in a bat's wing. This observation is an example of _____. |
|
Definition
| Comparative Morphology (11) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is heritable change in the line of decent, can occur by natural selection. (11) |
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|
Term
| A trait is adaptive if it _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of rock are you more likely to find a fossil in? |
|
Definition
| Limestone, composed of sedimented calcium carbonate (11) |
|
|
Term
| List examples of fossils. |
|
Definition
| An insect encased in 10-million-year-old tree sap, a woolly mammoth frozed in the artic permafrost for the last 50,000 years, mineral-hardened remains of a whalelike animal found in an egyptian desert, an impression of a plant leaf in a rock. (11) |
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|
Term
| If the half-life of a radioisotope is 20,000 years, then a sample in which three-quarters of that radioisotope has decayed is ____ years old. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Did Pangea or Gondawa form first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Cretaceous ended ____ million years ago. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Through ____, a body part of an ancestor is modified differently in different lines of descent. |
|
Definition
| Morphological divergence (11) |
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|
Term
| Homologous structures among major groups of organisms may different in _____. |
|
Definition
| Size, shape, and function. (11) |
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|
Term
| By altering the steps in the program by which embryos develop, a mutation in a ____ may lead to major differences in body form between related lineages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be used as evidence in shared ancestry? |
|
Definition
| Amino acid sequences, DNA sequences, fossil morphologies, and embryonic development. (11) |
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|
Term
| _____ is the original source of new alleles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Individuals don't evolve, _____ do. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the form of natural selection when the extreme forms of a trait are eliminated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the form of natural selection where the midrange forms of a trait are eliminated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the form of natural selection where the alleles are shifted in one direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sexual selection, such as competition between males for access to fertile females, frequently influences aspects of body form and can lead to ______. |
|
Definition
| Male/female differences, male aggression and exaggerated traits (12) |
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|
Term
| The persistence of the sickle allele at high frequency in a population is a case of ______. |
|
Definition
| Balanced Polymorphism and inbreeding. (12) |
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|
Term
| ______ tends to keep different populations of a species similar to one another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The theory of natural selection does not explain ______. |
|
Definition
| Genetic drift, the founder effect, gene flow, how mutations arise and inheritance. (12) |
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|
Term
| A fire devastates all trees in a wide swath of forest. Populations of a species of tree-dwelling frog on either side of the burned area diverge to become separate species. This is an example of _____. |
|
Definition
| Allopatric speciation (12) |
|
|
Term
| Sex in many birds is typically preceded by an elaborate courtship dance. If a male's movements are unrecognized by the female, she will not mate with him. This is an example of _____. |
|
Definition
| Behavioral isolation and sexual selection. (12) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the primary way of reconstruction evolutionary history, may involve parsimony analysis and is based on derived traits. (12) |
|
|
Term
| In cladistics, the only taxon that is always correct as a clade is the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In evolutionary trees, each node represents a _______. |
|
Definition
| point of divergence. (12) |
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|
Term
| In cladograms, sister groups are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ tissues are sheetlike with one free surface. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ connects epithelium to underlying connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most animals have glands derived from ___ tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most abundant protein in the human body is _____, made by fibroblasts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ consists mainly of plasma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Your body converts excess carbohydrates and protiens to fats that accumulate in ______. |
|
Definition
| Adipose Tissue Cells (19) |
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|
Term
| ______ tissues are the body's most abundant and widely distributed tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells of ____ can shorten (contract). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ muscle tissue has a striped appearance and is under voluntary control. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ____ detects and integrates information about changes and controls responses to those changes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin cytoplasmic projections from cells called ______ carry signals between your spinal cord and your toes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The functions of skin include _____. |
|
Definition
| A defense against pathogens, production of vitamin D, and helps cool the body. (19) |
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|
Term
| When the level of sugar in your body falls too low, your body senses this decline and converts glycogen to sugar, putting more sugar into your blood. This is an example of ______. |
|
Definition
| Negative Feedback and Homeostasis. (19) |
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|
Term
| A hydrostatic skeleton consists of _______. |
|
Definition
| A fluid in an enclosed space. (20) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mineral reservoirs, skeletal muscle's partners, and sites where blood cells form. (20) |
|
|
Term
| The human backbone _____. |
|
Definition
| Consists of vertebrae and intervertebral cartilage disks, is S shaped, and encloses the spinal cord. (20) |
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|
Term
| Bones move when ____ muscles contract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ligament connects _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The knee is a _______ type joint. |
|
Definition
| Hinge-type synovial joint. (20) |
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|
Term
| A vertebrae skeletal muscle ______. |
|
Definition
| Contracts in response to signals from a motor neuron. (20) |
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|
Term
| Release of _____ from a muscle fiber's modified endoplasmic reticulum allows actin and myosin filaments to interact. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Binding of ATP to _____ activates it and prepares this protein to take part in muscle contraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP for muscle contraction can be formed by ____. |
|
Definition
| Aerobic respiration, lactate fermentation and creatine phosphate breakdown. (20) |
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|
Term
| A red muscle fiber _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produces blood cells. (20) |
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|
Term
| All vertebrates have a ____ circulatory system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signals initiated by the ____ cause the heart to contract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood pressure is highest in the ____ and lowest in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contraction of _____ is the main force driving the flow of blood away from the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At rest, the largest volume of blood is in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the blood, most oxygen is transported _____. |
|
Definition
| In red blood cells, bound to hemoglobin. (22) |
|
|
Term
| The ______ circuit carries blood from the heart to the lungs then back to the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The heart chamber with the thickest wall pumps blood into the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In human lungs, gas exchange occurs at the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you breathe quietly, inhalation is ____ and exhalation is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during inhalation? |
|
Definition
| The thoracic cavity expands, the clottis closes and the diaphragm relaxes. (22) |
|
|
Term
| The diaphragm is a ____ muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the order of structures in which inhaled air flows through. |
|
Definition
| Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchus, Bronchiole (22) |
|
|
Term
| The digestive system functions in _____. |
|
Definition
| Secreting enzymes, absorbing nutrients and eliminating wastes. (23) |
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|
Term
| Protein digestions begins in the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Digestion is completed and most nutrients are absorbed in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile has roles in ______ digestion and absorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria that produce vitamin b12 live in the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the gall bladder do? |
|
Definition
| Stores, secretes bile. (23) |
|
|
Term
| What does the large intestine do? |
|
Definition
| Compacts undigested residues. (23) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Makes bile, stores glycogen. (23) |
|
|
Term
| What does the small intestine do? |
|
Definition
| Absorbs most nutrients. (23) |
|
|
Term
| What does the stomach do? |
|
Definition
| Secretes gastric fluid. (23) |
|
|
Term
| What does the pancreas do? |
|
Definition
| Secretes enzymes, buffer. (23) |
|
|
Term
| Essential fatty acids are _______. |
|
Definition
| Not made by the body. (23) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Project from the surface of cells in the small intestine (23) |
|
|
Term
| Iron is an example of a ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urea forms as a breakdown product of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Filtration moves _______ and other substances into kidney tubules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water loss triggers an _____ in ADH secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidneys return water and small solutes to the blood by the process of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidneys adjust the blood acidity by increasing or decreasing the ______ of H+. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ of a neuron releases neurotransmitters. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ occurs mainly in the brain and spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ____ has one axon and no dendrites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you sit quietly, output from the ____ system prevails. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An action potential occurs when ______. |
|
Definition
| A neuron reaches threshold potential. (24) |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscles are controlled by the ____ system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ____ is an automatic response that does not require thought. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two halves of the cerebrum ______. |
|
Definition
| Are connected by the corpus callosum. (24) |
|
|
Term
| The bloob-brain barrier controls what enters the _________. |
|
Definition
| cerebrospinal fluid. (24) |
|
|
Term
| Which is a somatic sensation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is a reduced response to an outgoing stimulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemoreactions play a role in the sense of ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a vertebrate eye, photoreceptors are in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colorblindness arises when _____ are missing or defective. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____, signaling molecules released by endocrine cells and glands, enter the blood and are distributed through the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are hormones produced in the hypothalamus but released from the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein hormones typically bind to receptors ______. |
|
Definition
| At the plasma membrane. (25) |
|
|
Term
| What is targetted by antidiuretic hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is targetted by oxytocin? |
|
Definition
| Mammary glands, uterus. (25) |
|
|
Term
| What is targetted by luteinizing hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is targetted by Growth Hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Overproduction of _____ causes acromegaly and gigantism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ regulates calcium levels in the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ lowers blood sugar levels; ____ raises it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rise in the concentration of thyroid hormone in the blood slows the release of the thyroid hormone. This is an example of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ produces digestive enzymes and hormones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Influences development of the nervous system. (25) |
|
|
Term
| T or F? Only women make follicle stimulation hormone and luteinizing hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A person with an overly active thyroid gland is more likely to be unusually ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During stressful situations, the adrenal glands increase their output of _____. |
|
Definition
| Cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine. (25) |
|
|
Term
| The male sex hormone is secreted in response to secretion of hormones by the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ____ produces both eggs and sperm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The end product of a cleavage is a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ____ is a hollow ball of cells that undergoes gastrulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meiotic divisions of germs cells in the ____ gives rise to sperm. |
|
Definition
| Seminiferous tubules (26) |
|
|
Term
| A male has an erection when ______. |
|
Definition
| Spongy tissue inside the penis fills with blood (26) |
|
|
Term
| In humans, fertilization usually occurs in ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During a menstrual cycle, a midcycle surge of ______ secreted by the pituitary triggers ovulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _____ implants in the lining of the human uterus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the order of human development. |
|
Definition
| Zygote forms, blastocyst forms, gastrulation, neural tube forms, heart beat starts, tail disappears. (26) |
|
|
Term
| What STD's are caused by bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Chlamydia and Gonorrhea (26) |
|
|
Term
| Human milk contains ______. |
|
Definition
| Antibodies, lactose, and easily digested fats and proteins. (26) |
|
|
Term
| During labor, secretion of oxytocin stimulates _____. |
|
Definition
| Uterine contractions (26) |
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