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Bio 101 Lecture 6:
IJPJJIP
31
Biology
Undergraduate 2
10/06/2012

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Term
Inorganic Compounds
Definition
-Small simple substances without carbon
-Groups are: water, simple salts, simple bases, simple acids
Term
Organic Compounds
Definition
-Carbon-containing compounds (Carbon: associated with life processes/existence)
-Generally large and complex
-Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids
Term
Elements
Definition
Substances that can't be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions
Term
Important Roles of Elements O, C, H, and N
Definition
-Most abundant in organisms: 96% of mass
Oxygen: Required for cellular respiration; present in most
organic compounds
Carbon: Forms backbone of organic molecules; each carbon atom can form four bonds with other atoms
Hydrogen: Present in most organic compounds; component of water
Nitrogen: Component of proteins and nucleic acids + chlorophyll in plants
Term
Atom
Definition
The smallest unit of an element that retains that element's chemical properties
Term
Subatomic Particles
Definition
Proton (+), Neutron (0), Electron (-)
Term
Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
Definition
-Number of Protons and number of Neutrons + Protons
Term
Isotopes
Definition
-Atoms of the same element with varying atomic masses/number of neutrons
-e.g. hydrogen, duterium (2 amu, 1 neutron), tritium (3 amu, 2 neutrons)
Term
Radioisotope
Definition
Unstable isotope that emits radiation that emits radiation that can be detected by autoradiography on photographic film
Term
Practical Applications of Radioisotopes
Definition
Archaeological dating, agricultural plant studying, smoke detectors
Term
Chemical Compound
Definition
-Atoms of different elements combined in a fixed ratio
Term
Molecular Compounds
Definition
-Between non-metals
-Covalent bonds
Term
Chemical Formula
Definition
Describes chemical composition: what types of atoms are present and how many
-e.g. glucose- C6H1206
Term
Chemical Reactions (how they are described)
Definition
By chemical equations!
Reactant (C6H1206) + Reactant (602) ---> Products (6C02 + 6H20 + Energy)
Term
Bond Energy
Definition
Represents a certain amount of chemical energy
-Formation of chemical bond: energy stored
-Break of chemical bond: release of energy
Term
Covalent Bonds
Definition
-Atoms share valence electrons
-Strong bond
-Non-polar covalent bonding: H2
Term
Covalent Bonds in Biologically Important Molecules
Definition
-Hydrogen (H): 1. Oxygen: 2. Carbon: 4. Nitrogen: 3. Sulfur: 2
Term
Polar Covalent Bond / Non-Polar Covalent Bonds
Definition
Polar: Bonds between atoms that differ in electronegativity .
Non-polar: No differ in electronegativety (almost mostly same element)
Term
Eletronegativity
Definition
The measure of at atom's attraction for electrons in chemical bonds
-Higher in oxygen, then sulfur, then hydrogen
Term
Ion
Definition
Electrically-charged atom or group of atoms. Anion: (-), Cation: (+).
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
Formed by the attraction between the charges of an anion and a cation
Term
Hydrogen Bonds
Definition
-Hydrogen (H) combines with an electronegative atom
-Generally weak bonds, but important in living organisms
-When bonds are collective, very strong, e.g. water. In water, polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other
Term
Van Der Waals Interactions
Definition
-A weak attractive force between atoms or molecules caused by an instantaneous dipole moment of one atom or molecule that induces a similar temporary dipole moment in adjacent atoms or molecules.
Term
Water Molecule Importance
Definition
-All living organisms require water
-Cells are surrounded by water
-Cells are 70%-95% water
Term
Water Properties
Definition
-Cohesion (similar molecules sticking together), Surface Tension, -Adhesion (dissimilar molecules sticking together) and cappilary action
Term
Capillary Action
Definition
Occurs because of inter-molecular attractive forces between the liquid and solid surrounding surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of surface tension (which is caused by cohesion within the liquid) and adhesive forces between the liquid and container act to lift the liquid
Term
Surface Tension
Definition
-Allows liquid to resist external force
-Molecules at water's surface produce a strong layer as they are pulled downward by the attraction (cohesion) of the water molecules below
Term
Specific Heat/Water's Specific Heat
Definition
The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g. of that substance to change it's temperature by 1 degree C
-Specific heat of water higher than usual; heat absorbed when hydrogen bond break, heat is released when bond forms
Term
Heat of Vaporization
Definition
The heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g. to be converted into gas
Term
Ice Floats in Water
Definition
-Ice has more stable hydrogen bonds
-Less dense
-Rings with holes in it cause it to take up more volume
Term
pH Rules
Definition
Base: H+ < OH-. Acid: H+ > OH-.
Bases donate OH or accept H in aqueous solutions, acids donate H+ in aqueous solutions
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