Term
| conditions for natural selection to occur |
|
Definition
1. individuals must vary for some trait
2. only a fraction of the population survives
3. survival depends on the trait |
|
|
Term
| conditions for evolution to occur |
|
Definition
| all conditions for natural selection + the trait must be heritable |
|
|
Term
| what happened to the finches in 1977? |
|
Definition
| a drought caused all of the small seeds to disappear, leaving just thick, hard seeds. the finches with small beaks did not survive because they couldn't eat big seeds, and birds with larger beaks survived. beak size is heritable (h^2=0.74), so average beak size evolved to be bigger. |
|
|
Term
| equation for response to selection |
|
Definition
s x h^2 = R
s- selection differential; how much the surviving members of the parent generation differ from the original members
h^2- heritability; fraction of variation for that trait due to genes
r- response to selection; how much the offspring differs from the original members of the parental generation |
|
|
Term
| what happened to the finches in 2004? |
|
Definition
| a drought caused all of the big seeds to disappear, so the big beaked finches suffered and died, while the small beaked finches survived on small seeds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mutual evolutionary influence between two species |
|
|
Term
| what's the difference between wind pollination and animal pollination? |
|
Definition
| wind pollination takes more energy and more pollen must be produced; animal pollination rewards both parties |
|
|
Term
| what is the advantage for plants having specific pollinators? |
|
Definition
| they have less competition for reproduction and have less wasted pollen |
|
|
Term
| what flower features are these animals attracted to? |
|
Definition
bees - yellow or blue, sweet scent, sturdy and irregular
butterflies - colorful and oderless
moths - white, open at night, strong sweet scent
hummingbirds - red, odorless
bats - light colored, musty odor
flies - brownish red, bad smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer of pollen from the male part of a flower to the female part of a flower (reproduction) |
|
|
Term
| define extinction cascade |
|
Definition
| a species rapidly approaches extinction because of increasing threat to their survival |
|
|
Term
| define phenological window |
|
Definition
| something must be flowering at all times to keep bees around |
|
|
Term
| benefits of forest corridors |
|
Definition
1. could increase movement (spreading)
2. increase habitat area
3. could be drift fences |
|
|
Term
| factors that do not account for the difference between plant species richness in connected and unconnected patches |
|
Definition
1. high species richness was not caused by increased area, connected patches had more species
2. increased species richness was not caused by patch shape
3. inputs to the plant community from the soil seed back cannot account for increased plant species richness in patches
4. differences in soil moisture were not responsible for increased species richness in connected patches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immediate physical cause; how the body works |
|
|
Term
| define evolutionary/ultimate |
|
Definition
| traces back to why we're designed the way we are, etc. |
|
|
Term
| 6 evolutionary explanations of disease |
|
Definition
1. defenses- the body's natural way of trying to fight off the issue (ex. coughing)
2. infection- arm's race; we evolve to stop them, they evolve to benefit from us
3. novel environments- our bodies are oriented for hunting and gathering, not drugs and fatty food
4. genes- quirks become a problem when we are moved out of natural environments (ex. sickle cell vs malaria)
5. design compromise- hidden benefits (ex. walking upright allows us to carry food and babies but predisposes us to back problems)
6. evolutionary legacies- evolution takes time and each increment must be beneficial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of the possibility of improving the human species |
|
|
Term
| what did Darwin find on his journey to the Galapagos that was interesting? |
|
Definition
| mountains formed over time, species from temperate south america resembled species of tropical south america, fossils were thrust upwards from earthquakes |
|
|
Term
| what two things did Darwin find on the Galapagos? |
|
Definition
| Galapagos species were similar to south american mainland species, finches looked similar despite living on different islands |
|
|
Term
| decent with modification (common descent) |
|
Definition
| all organisms started with the same ancestor who branched off and changed to their environments |
|
|
Term
| Darwins four observations and 2 inferences of natural selection |
|
Definition
1. members of a population often vary greatly in their traits
2. traits are inherited from parents to offspring
3. all species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support
4. owing to lack of food or other resources, many of these offspring do not survive
inf. 1. individuals with traits that help them survive leave more offspring
inf. 2. this bias of survival leads to accumulation of favorable traits in population |
|
|
Term
| important things to remember about natural selection |
|
Definition
1. individuals do not evolve, but instead the population does
2. natural selection can amplify or diminish only heritable traits
3. environmental factors vary from place to place over time |
|
|
Term
| how do natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow affect allele frequencies and cause evolution? |
|
Definition
1. cause adaptive evolution (better match between organism and environment)
2. unpredictable changes in allele frequencies can be associated with survival and reproduction
3. neighboring species mate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conditions favor individuals exhibiting an extreme of a phenotypic range, which shifts frequency curve (ex. big black bears favored in winter, small bears favored in summer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range (ex. small and large beak finches favored, medium beak unfavored) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| favors intermediate variants (ex. human baby weights) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutations come from copying mistakes, chemical damage, or ionizing radiation |
|
|
Term
| why are uncommon genes more uncommon in the homozygous condition? |
|
Definition
| it means both of your parents had to have that gene to pass on to you |
|
|
Term
| how is sickle-cell anemia an example of heterozygous advantage? |
|
Definition
aa will have full sickle-cell anemia, which is bad
AA will be normal, but has no resistance to malaria
Aa has partial sickle-cell anemia, but is also resistant to malaria
this causes the recessive gene to thrive |
|
|
Term
| why do biologists think the recessive gene for cystic fibrosis has an unknown benefit or resulted from a founder or bottleneck effect? |
|
Definition
| 1 in 25 europeans has the recessive trait , which is a lot more frequent than in other areas. there must be a reason why its so prevalent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of bodily deterioration that occurs at older ages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. the force of selection diminishes as the population ages, late expressing senescence genes are difficult to eliminate
2. senecence genes may be antagonistically pleiotropic, late expressing senescence genes are beneficial in our youth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all organs break down at the same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes have more than one kind of effect |
|
|
Term
| why does menopause happen, in terms of scenescence? |
|
Definition
| it causes women to stop reproducing but to instead focus on raising her children successfully into adulthood |
|
|
Term
| note three genes that yield benefits early in life and are detrimental later in life |
|
Definition
hemo chromatosis (good: excess absorption of iron, bad: later liver is destroyed)
excess pepsinogen I (good: more stomach acid, bad: more peptic ulcers)
alzheimers (good: higher intelligence/brain size, bad: mental deterioration) |
|
|
Term
| explanations for common disease-causing genes |
|
Definition
1. only deleterious in our novel environment (myopia)
2. have some other benefit (sickle cell)
3. hurt our health, but not our reproduction (huntington's disease) |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of chordates |
|
Definition
| dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, post anal tail, one set of hox genes |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of craniates |
|
Definition
| sense organs, brain and skull, neural crest, duplication of hox genes, pharyngeal gill slits, 2 chambered heart |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of vertebrates |
|
Definition
| vertebral column, dlx genes duplicated, improvements in skeleton and gills |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of gnathosomes |
|
Definition
| jaws with teeth, paired fins, lateral line, 2nd duplication of hox genes |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of bony fishes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristic of ray finned fishes |
|
Definition
| lung becomes swim bladder |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of lobe finned fishes |
|
Definition
| paired fins with a strong support of bone and muscle, basal bone is the humerus, 3 chambered heart |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of eusthenopteron |
|
Definition
| humerus, radius, and ulna |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of tiktaalik |
|
Definition
| humerus, radius, ulna, wrist, and neck |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of acanthostega |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of amniotes |
|
Definition
| amniotic egg, rib cage ventilation, dry impermeable skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| character of crocodilians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characters of various dinosaur groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| character of archeopteryx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characters of modern birds |
|
Definition
| loss of tail, teeth, and grasping hands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mammary glands, hair, two additional ear bones, 4 chambered heart, endothermic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| placenta type 1 allows only partial development in uterus |
|
|
Term
| character of other eutherian mammal groups |
|
Definition
| placenta type 2 allows complete embryonic development within uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| order of species in primate phylogeny |
|
Definition
| lemurs, new world monkeys, old world monkeys, orangutans, gorillas, humans and chimps |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of primates |
|
Definition
| large brains, stereoscopic vision, grasping hands and feet, nails instead of claws on some digits |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of new world monkeys |
|
Definition
| prehensile tail, nostrils that open to sides |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of old world monkeys |
|
Definition
| nostrils that open down, 3rd color receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest brains among primates |
|
|
Term
| differences between humans and apes |
|
Definition
| human spine exits bottom of skull, ape spine from rear of skull; human spine is s shaped, ape spine is slightly convex; human pelvis is bowl shaped, ape pelvis is longer and more narrow; human femus angle inward to knees, ape femurs angle out; human knee can support more weight; human foot has an arch |
|
|
Term
| order of human family tree |
|
Definition
| ardipithecus (orrorin turgenensis), A. afarensis, P. robustus, H. habilis, H. erectus, H. heidelbergennsis, H. neanderthalensis AND H. sapiens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "brute", sexual dimorphism, harem competition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "handy man", first signs of tool use |
|
|
Term
| describe h. heidelbergensis |
|
Definition
| lived in europe, possibly chine, and e. and s. africa about 700,000 years ago; first to live in cold, had short and wide bodies to conserve heat; first to build shelters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pale, red hair, freckles, large brow ridges, farther projecting face, genes associated with language ability, no chin, larger brains than human brains |
|
|
Term
| where did neanderthals live? |
|
Definition
|
|
