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Bio 101 - Chapter 12 - Molecular Biology of the Gene
Molecular Biology of the Gene
80
Biology
Undergraduate 1
07/11/2016

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Term
Both RNA and DNA are types of molecules called _____ acids.
Definition
nucleic
Term
Protein synthesis (translation) occurs at which of the following locations within eukaryotic cells?
Definition
rough ER and cytoplasm
Term
What is the sequential order of enzyme function during DNA replication?
Definition
1. Helicase unwinds DNA. 2. DNA polymerase pairs one base with open base on the parent strand. 3. DNA ligase seals nicks in the lagging strand.
Term
What nucleic acid is the physical carrier of individual amino acids?
Definition
tRNA
Term
What did Watson and Crick discover?
Definition
1. Sugars and phosphates form backbones of DNA 2. Double helix of DNA. 3. Nucleotides were paired in double helixes
Term
For the most part, every living organism on earth has the same genetic code. This means that genetic code is considered _____
Definition
universal
Term
What is the best explanation as to why the number of G in an organism is equal to C?
Definition
Because cytosine pairs with guanine in DNA
Term
What are the sequential steps of translation?
Definition
1. Initiation 2. elongation 3. termination
Term
_____ is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA strand.
Definition
Transcription
Term
It is necessary for genetic material to be able to undergo mutations in order to provide genetic ____ to occur.
Definition
variation
Term
What is the sequence of DNA replication in prokaryotes?
Definition
1. double helixes are separated and unwound. 2. DNA polymerase binds at the origin of the replication site. 3. Replication is completed at the termination region of DNA.
Term
Ribosomes participating in production of proteins for secretion from the cell are located
Definition
on the endoplasmic recticulum.
Term
Ribosomes are made of proteins and a type of nucleic acid abbreviated as
Definition
rRNA
Term
What are the sequential steps of DNA replication?
Definition
1. Unwinding DNA double helix 2. Complementary base pairing 3. Joining nucleotides to the growing DNA strand
Term
Initiation is the stage of _____ that occurs prior to elongation.
Definition
translation
Term
rRNA are transcribed from templates of DNA found in the _____
Definition
nucleolus
Term
What are the characteristics of translation?
Definition
results in a protein product; involves tRNA molecules
Term
What are the steps of termination in sequential order?
Definition
1. Release factor binds to stop codon. 2. Protein product is released. 3. Ribosomal subunits dissociate.
Term
During the termination stage, a completed ____ is released
Definition
protein
Term
What two enzymes play a role in DNA replicaiton?
Definition
DNA polymerase, helicase
Term
Polypeptides are created during what process?
Definition
translation
Term
During the ______ phase of translation, the polypeptide increases in size one amino acid at a time
Definition
elongation
Term
What are the differences between RNA and DNA?
Definition
RNA contains uracil. RNA is only one strand. RNA contains ribose, DNA contains deoxyribose
Term
If DNA is sequenced TATGCCCG, what would be the mRNA transcript be?
Definition
AUACGGGC
Term
Thymine and cytosine are nitrogen-containing bases called
Definition
pyrimidines
Term
A _____ contains a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and one of 4 nitrogen-containing bases.
Definition
nucleotide
Term
What are some characteristics of transcription, but not translation?
Definition
involvment of RNA polymerase, and the occurance in eukaryotic nuclei
Term
What would contain the fewest base pairs if starting from a eukaryotic gene?
Definition
A post-modification of mRNA transcript
Term
What are the types of RNA?
Definition
messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
Term
An organism that has genetic material from a different organism is what kind of organism?
Definition
A genetically modified organism
Term
During the process of translation, a codon binds with a _____
Definition
anticodon
Term
Where does translation take place in eukaryotes?
Definition
ribosomes, rough ER, and cytoplasm.
Term
The type of nucleic acid bearing codones for the amino acid sequence is called a
Definition
mRNA
Term
A _____ is a three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid.
Definition
codon
Term
The coding portions of a gene that are joined during mRNA processing are called
Definition
exons
Term
The two purines bases in DNA are
Definition
adenine and guanine
Term
Why is DNA stable?
Definition
Because it needs to be replicated over and over again
Term
Genetic material must have characteristics of genetic information that store coding for ____ ____ and ____
Definition
development, cell structure and metabolism
Term
What are the similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?
Definition
Both happen from the 5' to 3' direction, both involve DNA polymerase, Both result in 2 copies from one parent molecule, Both are semiconservative
Term
Adenine and guanine are nitrogen containing bases called
Definition
purines
Term
What is the composition of a eukaryotic chromosome?
Definition
histones, nucleusomes, DNA, and proteins
Term
Where are anticodons found
Definition
tRNA
Term
The process of _____ occurs on ribosomes, either free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic recticulum
Definition
translation
Term
What are the similarities between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase?
Definition
both are types of proteins; both add nucleotides to the 3' end of the new strand
Term
The enzyme that assists with complementary base pairing and adding new nucleotides to the growing strand during DNA replication is
Definition
DNA polymerase
Term
The parental strand of DNA serving as a guide for a complementary DNA daughter strand is the ____ strand.
Definition
template
Term
What are the possible functions of Introns?
Definition
could encourage corssing over; could give rise to microRNAs, could be exons in other molecules; could regulate mRNA translation
Term
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?
Definition
prokaryotic genome is replaced much faster; prokaryotes have only one origin of replication
Term
What is the source for particular sequences of t,m, and r RNA?
Definition
Transcription from DNA
Term
The process of _____ uses mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes ot synthesize proteins
Definition
translation
Term
What enzyme “proofreads” the replication of DNA?
Definition
DNA polymerase
Term
What are the implications of the universality of the genetic code?
Definition
gives us insight into evolutionary relationships; allows for genetic engineering
Term
DNA replication can be described as ______ because the resulting daughter DNA consists of one parent strand and one daughter strand
Definition
semiconservative
Term
New nucleotides are added to the ___ end of the single strand of DNA
Definition
3'
Term
What are the characteristics of eukaryotic mRNA transcript modifications?
Definition
occurs within the ribozyme; occurs within spliceosomes; may occur through self-splicing
Term
The specific type of nucleic acid bearing anticodons for the amino acid sequence is abbreviated
Definition
tRNA
Term
What are the tRNA binding sites on ribosomes
Definition
amino acids; exits; polypeptides
Term
_____ refers to bacteria taking up extraneous genetic material
Definition
transformation
Term
The ____ codon binds to a release factor to end translation
Definition
stop
Term
The codon near the small riosomal subunit attaches to the mRNA molecule to be translated, which codes for methionine (AUG) is called the ____ codon.
Definition
start
Term
How many binding sites for tRNA are found on a ribosome?
Definition
three
Term
Each mRNA codon has only one meaning (codes for one amino acid or start/stop) therefore the genetic code is considered
Definition
unambiguous
Term
A newly formed messenger RNA molecule is called an mRNA
Definition
Transcript
Term
If each codon were composed of only one nucleotide, for how many amino acids (out of the 20) would there not be code?
Definition
sixteen
Term
What is the advantage of RNA polymerases transcribing a gene simultaneously?
Definition
To produce more transcripts to the needed gene in a shorter time
Term
Directly after eukaryotic transciption _____ molecules are processed
Definition
RNA
Term
There is a point on a replicating prokaryotic or eukaryotic DNA strand at which separation occurs to allow for enzyme activity. What is it called?
Definition
replication fork
Term
What would promote the process of eukarotic cellular division?
Definition
condensed chromosomes
Term
DNA is composed of a double strand of nucleotides. Because the sugar-phosphate backbone of one strand is upside down relative to the backbone of the other strand, these strands are referred to as:
Definition
Anti-parallel
Term
Nucleic acids contain ____ types of nucleotides
Definition
four
Term
Nucleic acids can be distinguished from proteins by
Definition
The presence of phosphorous in nucleic acids
Term
Okazaki fragments are joined together to make up the ___ strand of newly synthesized DNA
Definition
lagging
Term
The 3' end of Okazaki fragment is joined to the 5' end of the next fragment by ____
Definition
DNA ligase
Term
The Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where parent strands are being unwound and a new DNA strands are growing is referred to as a
Definition
replication fork
Term
New complementary nucleotides are positioned and joined by ____ during replication
Definition
DNA polymerase
Term
At what site is mRNA translated to make protein?
Definition
ribosomes
Term
In ____, replication can occur in two directions at once because DNA is circular
Definition
prokaryotes
Term
The rungs of the DNA ladder are the
Definition
hydrogen bonded bases
Term
If a segment of DNA contains 430 nucleotides and 120 of the nucleotides are guanine, there will be ____ cytosine nucleotides
Definition
one hundred and twenty
Term
A promotor is defined as_____
Definition
the site where RNA polymerase will bind to DNA
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