Term
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Definition
| Exchanges nutrients and wastes between mother and fetus, anchors the fetus to the uterine wall, and produces some hormones |
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Term
| Trees-down hypothesis of flight |
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Definition
| flight evolved from gliding |
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Term
| Ground-up hypothesis of fight |
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Definition
| flight evolved from early birds hopping and climbing to escape predators and catch prey |
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Term
| Name three adaptations for flight |
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Definition
1. elongated keel on sternum, to attach muscles to
2. endothermic - able to maintain a high body temperature
3. light, hollow bones |
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Term
| Give some examples of parental care |
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Definition
incubating eggs
supplying food
protecting young from danger |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Common characteristics of mammals |
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Definition
presence of hair or fur
endothermic with generally high body temperatures
mammary glands used for lactation |
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Term
| Five fundamental characteristics of life |
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Definition
1. acquisition and use of energy
2. made up of cells
3. processing of genetic and environmental information
4. replication or reproduction
5. evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| the changing of a species over time |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of an individual to reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which certain adaptations are passed on and lead to the evolution of that trait in a species |
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Term
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Definition
| a divergence process in which natural selection causes populations of one species to diverge into an entirely new species |
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Term
| the three domains of life |
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Definition
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya |
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Term
| characteristics of prokaryotes |
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Definition
almost always unicellular
do not have a nucleus
have circular chromosomes
limited or no membrane-bound organelles |
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Term
| characteristics of eukaryotes |
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Definition
compartmentalized by internal membranes and organelles
have nuclei
are usually multicellular
usually larger than prokaryotic cells |
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Term
| theory of chemical evolution |
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Definition
Simple compounds in the ancient earth combined to form larger, more complex compounds until, eventually, one grew sophisticated enough to replicate itself.
"Life comes from nonlife" |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules with a partial dipole charge that are capable of dissolving in water |
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Term
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Definition
"water-loving"
capable of interacting with water molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules without any overall charge that are incapable of interacting with water |
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Term
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Definition
"water-fearing"
incapable of interacting with water |
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Term
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Definition
| a homogeneous mixture in which a solute is dissolved in a solvent |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the energy stored in chemical bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| enables a specific ion or small molecule to pass through the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a transport protein that forms a pore in the plasma membrane through which a specific ion may pass |
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Term
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Definition
| transport protein whose shape allows a specific type of ion or small molecule through |
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Term
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Definition
| a channel protein specialized to allow water to pass through the plasma membrane about 10x faster than without it |
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Term
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Definition
| channel proteins that open or close in response to the bonding of a particular molecule or to an electrical change |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of molecules and ions across a permeable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the movement of ions and molecules across a membrane
requires no added energy
occurs due to a concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
the movement of ions and molecules across a membrane
requires added energy
can occur when ions or molecules move against their concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| cellular reproduction that results in two genetically identical daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cellular reproduction that results in four genetically unique daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of DNA containing hereditary information |
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Term
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Definition
| a particular version of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| the visible trait of an organism's genotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| the alleles involved (rr, Rr, RR) |
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Term
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Definition
| a dominant and recessive gene pair (Rr) |
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Term
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Definition
| either two dominant genes or two recessive genes paired (RR or rr) |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA --transcription--> RNA --translation--> proteins |
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Term
| characteristics of protists |
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Definition
include all eukaryotes except the fungi, land plants, and animals
usually microscopic
relatively simple body plan |
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Term
| characteristics of animals |
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Definition
monophyletic
eukaryotic and multicellular
do not have cell wall - instead, use extracellular matrix (ECM) for cell support)
heterotrophs
usually reproduce sexually
have nervous and muscle tissue, as well as (usually) neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| embryos develop from two germ layers: the endoderm and ectoderm |
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Term
|
Definition
| embryos develop from three germ layers: the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the digestive tract and reproductive tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the outer covering of the animal, as well as the nervous tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the muscles, blood, bones, and organs |
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Term
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Definition
| the evolution of a distinct head region |
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Term
| major differences between deuterostomes and protostomes |
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Definition
1. in gastrulation: pore becomes anus in deuterostomes, pore becomes mouth in protosomtes
2. in coelom formation: mesoderm pinches off in deuterostomes, mesoderm blocks split in protostomes |
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Term
| methods of internal fertilization |
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Definition
1. male inserts sperm transfer organ into female
2. male leaves "sperm packets," which the female may insert herself |
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Term
| methods of external fertilization |
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Definition
1. male expels his sperm into the environment
2. the female leaves eggs to be fertilized |
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Term
| characteristics of chordates |
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Definition
include the vertebrates
are bilaterally symmetrical at some point
four anatomical structures are present at some point in every chordate's life:
1. notochord
2. hollow, dorsal nerve cord
3. muscular, postanal tail
4. pharyngeal slits |
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Term
| characteristics of vertebrates |
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Definition
monophyletic
defining characteristic: backbone
cephalized
larger body plans and active lifestyles |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait that, over time, has lost its use for a species |
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Term
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Definition
shelled, impermeable to water
outermost membrane: albumin - provides cushion and support for embryo
inner membranes: allantois - retains embryonic waste
: amnion - contains embryo
: yolk sac - contains nutrients |
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Term
| characteristics of prosimians |
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Definition
"before monkeys"
includes lemurs and tarsiars
mostly nocturnal
usually live in trees
usually small |
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Term
| characteristics of anthropoids |
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Definition
"human-like"
includes new/old world monkeys and gibbons
includes the homindae (Great apes) |
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Term
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Definition
| genetically imbued phenotypic traits that helps an animal survive in a particular environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a change an animal makes in the way it behaves that helps it to survive |
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Term
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Definition
| changing one trait for the better might change another for the worse |
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Term
| physical adaptations for bipedalism |
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Definition
knees
thigh bone
gluteal abductors
feet
spine
foramen magnum |
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Term
|
Definition
epithelial (skin)
nervous
muscle
connective |
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Term
| properties of connective tissue |
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Definition
binds and supports other tissue
has a large amount of ECM
includes bone, tendons, cartilage, adipose, blood |
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Term
| ECM is made up of what three proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| properties of nervous tissue/neurons |
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Definition
includes glial cells and neurons
neurons terminate on other neurons, glands, or muscles
neurons can only use glucose for fuel, have a high reliance on oxygen, and cannot reproduce, making them fragile structures
axons are capable of regrowing in the peripheral nervous system, but not in the central nervous system |
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Term
| properties of muscle tissue |
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Definition
specialized in generating force, contracts to move animal
includes cardiac muscle (in the heart), smooth muscle (encloses hollow tubes and organs to control their movement), and skeletal muscle (moves skeleton) |
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Term
| properties of epithelial tissue |
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Definition
lines hollow tubes and organs to form a barrier
glands are derived from epithelial tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| maintenance of a dynamic, steady state of an internal environment |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that dissociate and form ions when introduced into a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of solute particles in a solution |
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Term
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Definition
the transformation of light energy into chemical energy
consists of light reactions and Calvin cycle |
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Term
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Definition
factory for making sugars and starches
where photosynthesis occurs |
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Term
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Definition
flattened, membrane-bound vesicles in the chloroplasts that function in converting light to chemical energy
a stack of thylakoids is called a granum |
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Term
|
Definition
liquid matrix in chloroplasts that surrounds the disks and channels
where the products of photosynthesis are formed |
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Term
| Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis take place? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where does the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis take place? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three possible fates of electrons involved in photosynthesis? |
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Definition
1. florescence - excited electrons drop back to ground state
2. resonance - electron's energy is transferred to nearby pigments
3. redox - electrons are transferred to a new compound |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of chlorophyll molecules and accessory pigments (which together form an antenna complex), along with certain proteins capable of capturing and processing excited electrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| Electrons are transferred to the reaction centers, then passed down the electron transport chain to make ATP |
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Term
| Where do electrons in PSII come from? |
|
Definition
The oxidation, or "splitting" of water:
2H2O --> 4H + 4e- + O2 |
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Term
|
Definition
NADPH is produced
excited electrons leave the chlorophyll molecule and pass through the electron transport chain and are accepted by a molecule called ferredoxin, which reacts with NADP+ to produce NADPH |
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Term
| What are the three stages of the Calvin cycle? |
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Definition
carbon fixation
reduction
regeneration |
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Term
| What occurs in the antenna complex? |
|
Definition
| A photon strikes a pigment molecule,and as the energy is absorbed, an electron is excited. This energy is passed to a nearby chlorophyll, which excites another electron, leading to resonance, which continues, etc., etc. |
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Term
| What occurs in the reaction centers of chloroplasts? |
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Definition
| electrons transferred to specialized chlorophyll molecules (which acts as an electron acceptor), and so the light energy is transformed into chemical energy |
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