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BIO 101
Mitosis & Meiosis quiz - 3-10-11
39
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/09/2011

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Term
Mitosis
Definition
Cell divides into 2 identical cells by a 4 phase process.
Term
Prophase
Definition
Chromosomes condense, becoming shorter and more tightly wound.
Term
Spindle
Definition
Series of microtibules that extends from poles of cell.
Term
Metaphase
Definition
Chromosomes attach to spindles at centromeres and align along middle of cell. Chromosomes are pulled and experience tension. No Nucleus
Term
Anaphase
Definition
Plasma membrane indents along equator. Chromosomes separate at centromeres and separate sister chromatids. Temporarily has twice the number of chromosomes.
Term
Telophase
Definition
2 sets of separated chromatids assemble at 2 poles of the cell and uncoil back to the original state. Spindles disappear and nuclear envelope reforms. Division of genetic material is complete.
Term
Cytokenisis
Definition
Cytoplasm divides among 2 cells along with organelles. Furrowing is completed = 2 identical daughter cells (diploid).
Term
Too much mitosis =
Definition
Abnormal growth (tumors)
Term
Too little mitosis =
Definition
Injury is unrepaired.
Term
Checkpoints
Definition
Ensure that chromosomes replicate and separate into daughter cells.
Term
Faulty checkpoints cause: __________.
Definition
Cancer
Term
Apoptosis
Definition
-Rapidly & neatly dismantles a cell into pieces that a phagocyte destroys.
-Continues like Mitosis.
Term
Caspases
Definition
Destroy proteins & cell components, creating blebs.
Term
From outside the cell:
Definition
-Hormones are synthesized in the glands and transported in the blood stream.
-Growth factors.
Term
From inside the cell:
Definition
-Cyclins- Fluctuate.
-Kinases - Remain steady.
Term
Apoptosis Process:
Definition
-Death signal.
-Activation of caspases.
-Organized dismantling.
-Phagocytosis.
Term
First cells form when gametes join:
Definition
-Sperm
-Oocyte
Term
Gametes have:
Definition
23 individual chromosomes. Half as many as somatic cells.
Term
Germline cells are _________, but form __________ gametes during division.
Definition
Diploid ; Haploid.
Term
Meiosis
Definition
-Consists of 2 stages of cell division.
-Happens in both sexes.
-1 diploid cell = 4 daughter haploid cells.
Term
Meiosis
Definition
1 = Reduction division.
-Reduces # of replicated chromosomes from 46 to 23.
-2 sets of chromosomes are created.

2 = Equational division.
-Forms 4 cells from the 2 cells formed in Meiosis 1.
-Line up to end in Metaphase.
Term
Gamete Maturation in Males:
Definition
-Begin manufacturing sperm at puberty.
-Continues throughout life.
Term
Gamete Maturation in Females:
Definition
-Begins as a fetus.
-Completes only if egg is fertilized.
Term
Spermatogenesis:
Definition
Formation of sperm cells.
-Meiosis produces haploid spermatocytes.
Term
Oogenesis:
Definition
Formation of eggs.
-Meiosis is uneven, concentrating most of cytoplasm into 1 cell.
-Other cells are called polar bodies and normally degenerate.
Term
Prenatal development:
Definition
-Zygote: Fertilized ovum.
-Embryo: 1st 8 weeks, basics start to form.
-Fetus: Structures grow & specialize. Week 9 - birth.
Term
End of 1st Trimester:
Definition
Can kick, has development of teeth.
Term
End of 2nd Trimester:
Definition
Feel distinct kicks, jabs and can possibly feel fetal hiccup.
Term
End of 3rd Trimester:
Definition
Organs form quickly, fat fills out body.
Term
Birth Defects: Cocaine:
Definition
Less severe than alcohol induced birth defects.
Term
Birth Defects: Cigarettes:
Definition
-Carbon Monoxide (CO) prevents oxygen from binding in the brain.
-Increase in risk of stillbirth, prematurity, low birth weight and spontaneous abortion.
Term
Birth Defects: Alcohol:
Definition
-Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS: (1-2 drinks a day)
-Mental retardation/impairment.
-Lack social & communication skills.
Term
Birth Defects: Nutrients:
Definition
-Vitamins as drugs.
-Accutane (Vitamin A derivative).
-Spontaneous abortion & heart defects.
Term
Occupational hazards in females:
Definition
-Lead, textile dyes, mercury, photographic chemicals.
Term
Occupational hazards in males:
Definition
Glass manufacturing, smelters and bakers.
Term
Viral infections: HIV:
Definition
Low birth weight, prematurity, still birth.
Term
Viral Infections: Rubella:
Definition
Cataracts, speech/hearing issues, heart defects.
Term
Viral Infections: HSV:
Definition
Skin sores.
Term
Viral Infections: Hepatitis B:
Definition
Liver problems.
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