Term
| Immune system components and function |
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Definition
Lymphatic system: lymphatic vessels, lymphatic organs
Function: Stores ans transports cells and molecules to defend disease |
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Term
| Lymphatic vessels structure and function |
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Definition
-one way system
-fluid inside --> lymph(water and solute) |
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Term
| Lymphatic vessels structure and function |
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Definition
-one way system
-fluid inside --> lymph(water and solute) |
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Term
| Primary and secondary lymphatic organs |
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Definition
Primary- site of T-cell maturation (thymus gland)
Secondary- lymph filtered through lymph nodes (spleen, lymph nodes |
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Term
| Innate immunity: barriers, homeostasis, inflammatory response, cells and proteins |
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Definition
Innate: set of inborn, fast-acting defenses against infection. Triggered by a fixed set of molecular patterns found mainly on pathogens
Barrier: skin
Homeostasis: vasoconstriction
Inflammatory response: release histamines
Cells: killer cells
Proteins: make hole to drain fluid |
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Term
| Characteristics of acquired immunity |
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Definition
-dependent upon exposure to specific antigens
characteristics: specify, memory, diversity, two arms |
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Term
| Antibody structure and function |
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Definition
| Y-shaped antigen receptor protein made only by B cells |
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Term
| B and T cells: Clonal selection, function |
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Definition
T-cells: helper T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells
B-cells: white blood cell that makes antibodies
Clonal selection: |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathogens are treated so they cannot cause disease, then they are injected into you. Memory cells stop you from getting sick from the disease you were infected with |
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Term
| How autoimmune diseases work |
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Definition
| Cell is attacked by body and then mutated |
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Term
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Definition
If antibodies are present and they are mixed with antigens, blood combines and kills the patient
Example: Rh disease |
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Term
| Feeding behaviors: endocytosis, filter, detritivores, scrapers, dissolved organic material, liquid, symbiosis, cellulose, ruminants |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of energy required to stay alive and awake |
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Term
| Types of malnutrition: kwashiorkor, beriberi, scurvy, osteperosis |
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Definition
Kwashiorkor: lack of protein in diet -- extended abdomen
Beriberi: lack of vitamin B -- degeneration of nerves
Scurvy: lack of vitamin C -- loss of teeth, sunken eyes, pale skin
Osteoporosis: lack of calcium |
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Term
| Digestive system: functions, basic anatomy |
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Definition
-Moves food through system
-Digests food |
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Term
| Role of each part of the digestive system: teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gall bladder |
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Definition
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Term
| Digestive enzymes: lipase, amylase, pepsin, trypsin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
GLP1: feeling of fullness, stimulates pancreas, delays emptying of stomach
ob: leptin-overweight
BMI:weight(pounds) x 703 / height(inches)^2 |
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Term
| Nutrition: proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, lipids |
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Definition
Protein: requires 20 amino acids
Carbohydrates: complex and simple
Vitamins: most are coenzymes
Minerals: required for normal metabolism
Lipids: saturated, unsaturated fats, and cholesterol |
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Term
| Excretory systems: functions, ultrafiltration, active transport |
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Definition
-maintains body volume, remove foreign substances, remove metabolic products, maintain a good solute concentration
Ultrafiltration: pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane
Active transport: passes across membrane |
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Term
| Protonephridia and metanephridia |
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Definition
Protonephridia- one end- pulls fluids through and out
Metanephridia- two end- lined up with circulatory system |
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Term
| Role of each part of the vertebrate excretory system: bowmans capsule, proximal tubule, distal tubule, loop of Henle, collecting ducts |
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Definition
Bowmans capsule: blood vessels
Proximal tubule: permeable to both salts and water
Distal tubule: less permeable to water
Loop of Henle: makes more concentrated urine
Collecting ducts: receives filtrate |
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Term
| Antidiuretic hormone, caffeine, alcohol |
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Definition
Antidiuretic hormone: goes to distal tubule, opens holes that allow water to pour out
Caffeine & Alcohol- inhibit production of ADH |
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Term
| Kidney structure: medulla, cortex, location of loops of Henle |
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Definition
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Term
| How to make concentrated urine |
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Definition
| Solution moves into loop of Henle |
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Term
| Lamarck's inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
| Darwin's 5 facts and 3 inferences |
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Definition
Facts:
1.All organisms produce too many offspring
2.Not all offspring reproduce
3.Natural resources limiting
4.individuals of a population vary
5.
1.
2.
3. |
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Term
| Evidence for evolution: fossils, biochemistry, anatomy, biogeography |
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Definition
Fossils: hard body parts preserved in sedimentary rock
Biochemistry:
Anatomy: common ancestor
Biogeorgaphy: species that were dispersed during continental drift |
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Term
| Panspermia hypothesis and Operin- Haldane model |
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Definition
Panspermia hypothesis: life evolved on another planet then transported to Earth
Operin- Haldane model: non biological processes started to form organic molecules, tiny organic molecules --> polymer, self replicating and feed off existing molecules |
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Term
| Factors that lead to genetic variation |
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Definition
Factors: rate at which mutations occur, rate at which changes spread through the population, rate at which mutations are eliminated by natural selection
Role of mutations and factors that affect how quickly mutations spread: |
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Term
| Measuring genetic variation |
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Definition
-phenotypic differences
-measure heterozygotes
-allelic frequency |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetic Drift, founder effect, bottleneck |
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Definition
Genetic drift: change in allelic frequencies in a population due to chance alone
Founder effect: " when a small number of individuals establish a new population
Bottleneck effect:Reduction in population size so severe that it reduces genetic diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of alleles of all of the genes in a population; pool of genetic resources |
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Term
| Type of selection: directional, stabilizing, disruptive, sexual |
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Definition
Directional: mode of natural selection in which phenotypes at one end of a range of variation are favored.
Stabilizing: mode of natural selection in which intermediate forms of a trait are favored over extreme forms
Disruptive: Mode of natural selection that favors forms of a trait at the extremes of range of variation: no intermediates
Sexual: mode of natural selection in which some individuals out-reproduce others of a population because they are better at securing mates |
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Term
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Definition
| "smaller" males sneak in when dominant men fight and breeds with the female |
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Term
| Species definition, problems with definition |
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Definition
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Term
| Allopatric vs. sympatric speciation |
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Definition
Allopatric: pattern in which a physical barrier that separates members of a population ends gene flow between them
Sympatric: pattern in which speciation occurs in the absence oh a physical barrier to gene flow |
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Term
| Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers to reproduction |
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Definition
Prezygotic: before fertilization
Postzygotic: after fertilization |
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Term
| Types of ecology: population, community, ecosystem, behavioral |
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Definition
Population: a group of organisms is the same species who live in a specific location and breed with one another more often than they breed with members of other populations
Community: all populations of a species that live in a particular region
Ecosystem: a community interacting with its environment
Behavioral: |
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Term
| Adaptive radiation, convergent evolution |
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Definition
| Adaptive radiation: a burst of genetic divergences from a linage gives rise to many new species |
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Term
| Habitat vs. Niche: Specialist and generalist |
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Definition
Habitat = the specific environment where an organism lives (including living and nonliving elements: rocks, soil, plants, etc.)
Niche = an organism’s functional role in a community (feeding, flow of energy and matter, interactions with other organisms, etc.)
Generalist – Broad range of habitat options and foods (e.g. mice, rabbits, deer, humans…
Specialist – Limited options for habitat and foods (e.g. spotted owls, giant pandas… |
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Term
| Characteristics of populations |
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Definition
Size- Number of individuals present at a given time
Density-Number of individuals per unit area
Range-Physical location of the population, locally, regionally or globally
Dispersion (aka distribution)-How the individual organisms in a population are located within the region
Dispersal-how individuals in a population move to new locations
Reproductive Success-How many offspring are produced over time
Generation time-average interval between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring
Age structure-relative numbers of individuals of each age or age class in a population
Growth rate-The number of individuals in a population is increased by births and immigration, and decreased by deaths and emigration |
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Term
| Exponential vs logistic growth: oscillations, crashes, Ester Island |
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Definition
Exponential- represented by exponential graph
Initial exponential growth, slowing, and stabilizing at carrying capacity is shown by a logistic growth curve.
Oscillations-In some populations, oscillations dampen, as population size settles toward carrying capacity, as with this beetle.
Crashes-Some populations that rise too fast and deplete resources may then crash, as with reindeer on St. Paul Island.
Ester Island-On Easter Island, people annihilated their culture by destroying their environment. |
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