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| type of molecule that consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms |
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| molecule that is a subunit of polymers. (generally small organic molecules such as simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides). |
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| molecule that consists of multiple monomers. |
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| refers to activities by which cells acquire and use energy as they make and break apart organic compounds. It requires enzymes which are molecules that make reactions proceed faster then they would on their own. |
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| process by which enzymes build large molecules from smaller subunits; water also forms. Water forms as a product of condensation when a hydroxyl group (OH-) from one of the molecules combines with a hydrogen atom from the other molecule. |
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| the reverse of condensation. Enzyme breaks a molecule into smaller subunits by attaching a hydroxyl group to one part and a hydrogen atom to another |
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| molecule that consists primarily of carbo, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio. |
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| simplest carbohydrates. One sugar unit. Usually have a backbone of five or six carbon atoms. |
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| short chain of covalently bonded monosacharides. |
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| consist of 2 monosacharides. |
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| hundreds or thousands of sugar monomers (aka monosacharides) |
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| structure: chains of glucose side by side. Linked by hydrogen bonds.. |
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| in human body – an energy reserve – in livers and muscles. It is broken down into glucose monomers by hydrolysis. |
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| fatty, oily, or waxy, organic compound. |
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| organic compound that consists of a long chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end. |
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| – a lipid with three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone *they are the most abundant and richest energy source in vertebrate bodies. |
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Definition
| fatty acid with no double bonds in its carbon tail. |
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Definition
| lipid with at least one double bond in a fatty acid tail. |
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a lipid with a phosphate group in its hydropholic head, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails. Tails are hydrophobic but heads are hydrophilic. *see figure
2.15 |
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Definition
| water-repellent lipid with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings. |
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| a type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails - ex. Cholesterol, |
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| small organic compound with a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a characteristic side group (aka R group). (see illustration on page 33) |
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| a bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another. (see illustration on pate 34) |
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| chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. |
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| to unravel the shape of a protein or other large biological molecule. When it does that it loses its function. |
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| to unravel the shape of a protein or other large biological molecule. When it does that it loses its function. |
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| infectious protein. (Misfolded proteins) |
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Definition
| infectious protein. (Misfolded proteins) |
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Term
| ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) |
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Definition
| nucleotide that consists of an adenine base, five carbon ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. Also functions as an energy carrier. |
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Definition
| monomer of nucleic acids; has five carbon sugar, nitrogen containing base, and phosphate groups. |
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Definition
| chain of nucleotides joined by sugar-phosphate bonds. |
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Definition
| typically single stranded nucleic acid; roles in protein synthesis |
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Definition
| Nucleic acid that carries hereditary material; consists of two nucleotide chains twisted in a double helix. *hydrogen bonds between two nucleotides hold the two strands together. |
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| a cell’s outermost membrane. |
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| semifluid substance enclosed by a cell’s plasma membrane. |
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| structure that carries out a specialized metabolic function inside a cell. |
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| structure that carries out a specialized metabolic function inside a cell. |
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| Organelle with two membranes that holds a eukaryotic cell’s DNA. |
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| Region of cyptoplasm where the DNA is concentrated inside a prokaryotic cell. |
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1. all organisms consist of one or more cells
2.the cell is the smallest unit of life
3.each new cell arises from another cell
4. a cell passes hereditary material to offspring. |
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| a cell membrane can be considered a two-dimensional fluid of a mixed composition. |
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| molecule that speeds a chemical process without being changed by it. |
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| membrane protein that helps cells stick together in tissues |
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| membrane protein that helps cells stick together in tissues |
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| plasma membrane protein that tags a cell as belonging to self (one’s own body) (meaning recognizing foreign cells as well). |
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| plasma membrane protein that binds to a particular substance outside of the cell (help body eliminate toxins and infectious agents). |
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Definition
| protein that passively or actively assists specific ions or molecules across a membrane. (because lipid bilayers are impermeable to most substances). |
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| Organelle of protein synthesis (upon which polypeptides are assembled) |
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| long, slender cellular structure used for motility. |
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| a protein filament that projects from the surface of some bacterial cells |
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Definition
| semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells. (for Archaeans consists of proteins). (For Bacteria consists of a polymer of peptides and polysaccharides--- sticky so they can cling to things). |
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Definition
| semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells. (for Archaeans consists of proteins). (For Bacteria consists of a polymer of peptides and polysaccharides--- sticky so they can cling to things). |
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| community of different types of microorganisms living within a shared mass of slime. |
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| a double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus |
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| series of interacting organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles) between nucleus and plasma membrane; produces lipids, proteins. |
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| Endoplasmic reticulum (or ER) |
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Definition
| organelle that is a continuous system of sacs and tubes; extension of the nuclear envelope. Rough ER is studded with ribosomes; smooth ER is not. |
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Definition
| small, membrane – enclosed, saclike organelle; different kinds store, transport or degrade their contents. |
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Definition
| enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances |
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| a fluid-filled organelle that isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials. |
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| contain powerful digestive enzymes that break down the contents of vacuoles. |
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Definition
| organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids; also sorts and packages finished products into vesicles. |
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Definition
| organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids; also sorts and packages finished products into vesicles. |
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Definition
| double-membranes organelle that produces ATP. |
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Definition
| organelle of photosynthesis |
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| organelle of photosynthesis |
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Definition
| dynamic framework of protein filaments that support, organize, and move eukaryotic cells and their internal structures. |
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| cytoskeletal element involved in movement; hollow filament of tubulin subunits. |
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| reinforcing cytoskeletal element; fiber of actin subunites |
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| cytoskeletal element that locks cells and tissues together |
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| type of energy using protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements to move the cell’s parts or the whole cell. |
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| short, movable structure that projects from the plasma membrane of some eukaryotic cells. |
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| extendable lobe of membrane-enclosed cytoplasm |
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| fatty acids that the body cannot make and must obtain from the diet |
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Definition
| amino acid that the body cannot make and must obtain from food |
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Definition
| organic substance required in small amounts for normal metabolism |
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Definition
| inorganic substance that is require d in small amounts for normal metabolism |
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| one cell engulfs another (or one is a parasite to another) and produces ATP for the host. (Mitrochondria is believed to be this) |
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