Term
| mendel found ___ traits in the pea plants that were unlinked. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the genotype when you cross the parental homozygous generation? |
|
Definition
| the F1 generation is heterozygous. |
|
|
Term
| what is the diploid number of mendel's pea plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the blending inheritance theory |
|
Definition
| that when two organisms mate, the offspring will be a blended version of the parents. |
|
|
Term
| explain mendel's first law. |
|
Definition
segregation of alternate factors
that genes come in pairs and they are separated during gametogensis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternate forms of the same gene that could occupy the same locus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the genetic composition of the organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the observable inherited traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F independent assortment can occur with one or more genes. |
|
Definition
false
only when two or more genes are present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a form of phenotypic expression regardless of the other allele on the matched chromosome of the homologue
one allele dominates or masks the effects of another allele |
|
|
Term
| when do recessive genes show phenotypically? |
|
Definition
| they do not form phenotypic expression unless the other allele is also recessive. |
|
|
Term
| one of the most important requisites of all life, from the earliest life forms to present day organisms is ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are passed during reproduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the molecule of inheritance in ALL cellular forms of life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sexually reproducing organisms typically have pairs of ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is used in protein synthesis. and the molecule of inheritance in some viruses, which are not cell based forms of life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the functional unit of inheritance and basis for most traits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F homologous chromosome pairs have different loci. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to the diploid condition where both alleles of the genotype are identical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the diploid condition where both alleles of the genotype are different |
|
|
Term
| if the homozygous genotypes (identical for both traits) mate, what would the F1 generation look like. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| F1 individuals are heterozygous how many types of gametes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F factors comes in pairs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a monohybrid cross the F1 generation cross yields what ratio of offspring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe mendel's 2nd law? |
|
Definition
Independent assortment
chromosomes have multiple genes and the genes can be inherited separately |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all homozygous be opposite form |
|
|
Term
| how many chromosomes are represented in AABB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the genotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many genotypes are represented in a dihybrid cross? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which genotype in a dihybrid cross occurs four times? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a certain phenotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype |
|
|
Term
| in a test cross, if the offspring show the dominant trait what is the genotype? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a test cross, if the offspring show the recessive trait what is the genotype? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many genes do humans have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if random breakage occurs between linked genes, where is it most likely to occur? |
|
Definition
| between the genes with the largest gap |
|
|
Term
| T/F you could create a probability of where genes are crossing over based on how far apart they are. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in linked genes, how many gametes are we looking at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when crossing over occurs, how should you create a punnetts square? |
|
Definition
| create all the possible genotypes with both parents |
|
|
Term
| T/F the father determines the sex of the child. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F if you have darker skin you are more likely to have lighter hair. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is sex the means of reproduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first organisms were likely bacteria, what was their ploidy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for sex chromosomes, what are the different systems used? |
|
Definition
X-Y system
X-O system
Z-W system |
|
|
Term
| name two examples of animals that undergo temperature induced sex determination. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
define aneuploidy.
what are the two aneuploids? |
|
Definition
abnormal number of chromosomes
turner syndrome- 1 X chromosome (sterile)
klinefelter syndrome- XXY (sterile) |
|
|
Term
| in sex linked genes, what is the disadvantage of males? |
|
Definition
| they only get 1 X chromosome, and one chance to get it right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having half the traits from the X chromosome |
|
|
Term
| what traits are hemizygous and frequently occur in males? |
|
Definition
color blindness
hemophilia
muscular dystrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the second X chromosome in females deactivates |
|
|
Term
| how many working chromosomes in a female somatic cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many working chromosomes in a male somatic cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain co-dominance in cats? |
|
Definition
| if the offspring is heterozygous, the outcome will show both phenotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define sex-influenced traits. what are some sex-influenced traits in males? |
|
Definition
same genotype expressed differently in males and females
baldness |
|
|
Term
| define sex limited traits. what are some sex-limited traits? |
|
Definition
same genotype expressed only in one sex, but suppressed in the opposite sex.
beard development
breast and milk development |
|
|
Term
| when looking at blood groups, how many alleles are you looking at? what are they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you have antigen B, when does clumping occur? |
|
Definition
| when mixed with Antigen A blood because it makes anti-B |
|
|
Term
| T/F donors antigens with recipients antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when are you Rh positive? |
|
Definition
| when you have the dominant allele |
|
|
Term
| when are you Rh negative? |
|
Definition
| when you have the recessive allele |
|
|
Term
| what is erthroblastosis fetalis? |
|
Definition
| when the mother is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive, the mother's antibodies will attack the baby because it is not self |
|
|
Term
| what is incomplete dominance? |
|
Definition
| neither allele is expressed fully; there is a blending of phenotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when one gene affects the expression of another gene |
|
|
Term
| T/F mendel's ratios are rare in the real world. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens with chiasmata occur at different loci? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the different types of chromosomal mutations? |
|
Definition
deletion
duplication
inversion
reciprocal translation |
|
|
Term
| is the chromosomal abnormality XYY possible? explain. |
|
Definition
| yes it can occur during sperm development, it occurs in 1/1000 boys. They are typically taller, more acne and learning disabilities and are able to reproduce. Sometimes it will go unknown of the condition because they are otherwise normal. |
|
|
Term
| T/F DNA is 6 carbon molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the 5' to 3' end sequencing of DNA. |
|
Definition
| the bonds are attached to the 5th carbon and the 3rd carbon on subsequent deoxyribose rings. |
|
|
Term
| T/F DNA can be compared to a escalator or I95. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F both DNA strands are going in the same direction. |
|
Definition
false
they are going in opposite directions |
|
|
Term
| what is the genotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when did mendel realize that the recessive trait would reappear? |
|
Definition
| when the F1 generation offspring were crossed to create the F2 generation |
|
|
Term
| T/F independent assortment can occur in monohybrid crosses. |
|
Definition
false
only dihybrid crosses |
|
|
Term
| The ratios that occur during a dihybrid cross were determined because the alleles for one trait affected the inheritance of alleles for another trait. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the multiplication rule of probability. |
|
Definition
| the probability of independent events occurring simultaneously is equal to the product of their individual probabilities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when you cross a F1 generation individual with a P generation individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both alleles are expressed fully |
|
|
Term
| T/F it is possible to distinguish co-dominance and incomplete dominance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one gene affects several phenotypes |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between linked and unlinked genes? |
|
Definition
| genes on the same chromosome vs genes on different chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| T/F diploid individuals can only have two alleles at a time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between monogenic and polygenic inheritance? |
|
Definition
| traits based on a single gene vs traits based on multiple genes |
|
|
Term
| define autosomal linkage. |
|
Definition
| multiple genes found on non-sex chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of more than two sets of chromsomes |
|
|
Term
| give an example of environmental effects on phenotypes. |
|
Definition
| differential pigments in Siamese cats and Himalayan rabbits, the cooler body areas have more melanin |
|
|
Term
what are the inheritance patterns of the following traits?
ABO Blood Groups
color blindness
hemophilia
muscular dystrophy
balness
Rh blood groups |
|
Definition
autosomal co-dominant
sex-linked recessive
sex-linked recessive
sex-linked recessive
sex-influenced
autosomal dominant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the first person for whom a particular genetic condition has been diagnosed
male-propositus
female-proposita |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genetic composition of a population of individuals
all alleles for all genes in a population |
|
|
Term
| what is the semi-conservative hypothesis of DNA replication? |
|
Definition
| new DNA is copied from existing DNA where is uses half the original DNA while the other half is new |
|
|
Term
| what is DNA transcription? |
|
Definition
| messanger RNA (mRNA) is copied from the DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins are synthesized from mRNA by ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of RNA viruses possessing reverse transcriptase that allows the viral genome to go in the reverse direction of the information flow of the central dogma. |
|
|
Term
| T/F reverse transcriptases role is DNA <- Viral RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in one nucleotide base pair. |
|
|
Term
| define chromosomal mutation. |
|
Definition
| change in chromosome number or structure |
|
|
Term
define genomics.
define structural genomics.
define functional genomics.
define comparative genomics. |
|
Definition
study of the entire genome species
structural-gene mapping and sequencing
functional- how gene sequences operate
comparative-analysis of gene sequences of different species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sets of genes that control basic body patterns in organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific nucleotide sequences (180 base pairs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subset of homeobox genes that are found in many different animals and are highly conserved (basically the same) indicating evolution |
|
|
Term
| what are the three mutated gene types that cancers frequently involve? |
|
Definition
oncogenes-stimulate abnormal growth and division
tumor-suppressor genes- can be deactivated
mutator genes-can increase the mutation rate |
|
|
Term
| oncogene originate from normal genes called ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three large groups of domains that life is separated into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the endosymbiotic hypothesis? |
|
Definition
suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived evolutionarily from prokaryotes
they have their own set of DNA |
|
|
Term
| what is extranuclear genes? |
|
Definition
| genes on mtDNA or cpDNA (non-nulcear sources) |
|
|
Term
| what is uniparallel inheritance? |
|
Definition
| offspring have characteristics of just one parent |
|
|
Term
| what is maternal inheritance? |
|
Definition
| traits associated with the mtDNA are inherited from the mother |
|
|
Term
| what is infectious heredity? |
|
Definition
| symbiotic bacteria and viruses that are transmitted in cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| The Hardy-Weinberg Law states that both allelic frequencies and genotypic ratios remain constant from generation to generation in sexually reproducing populations if the following 4 conditions of equilibrium are met: |
|
Definition
1-mutations do not occur
2-no net movement of individuals out of or in a population occurs
3-all offspring produced have the same chances for survival and mating is random so no natural selection occurs
4-the population is large so that chance would not alter frequencies of alleles. |
|
|
Term
| what is the central dogma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the enzyme that turns DNA into mRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the splicing of introns and gluing together of exons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the product of translation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are retro viruses dangerous? |
|
Definition
| because they can reverse the mRNA into DNA and introduce junk into the genome, thus changing it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expressed portions of DNA on RNA |
|
|
Term
| T/F viruses can alter genomes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many nucleotide bases are in the nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which organelle has memorized the genetic code? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the roll of helicase? DNA polymerase? |
|
Definition
the unwinding enzyme during DNA replication
enzyme that ensure A to T and C to G |
|
|
Term
| define Okazaki Fragments. |
|
Definition
| fragments of copies od DNA on the lagging strand (the opposite side of Helicase |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of ligase in DNA replication? |
|
Definition
| to glue together the Okazaki Fragments |
|
|
Term
| how do bacteria replicate their DNA? |
|
Definition
binary fission
their DNA is help in a loop and essentially the same process of undoing and copying the DNA until a new loop is formed |
|
|
Term
| T/F DNA serves as a template for RNA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does RNA differ from DNA? |
|
Definition
ribose
uracil instead of thymine
single stranded
short
less stable than DNA |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of RNA polymerase? |
|
Definition
| enzyme that ensures A to U and C to G |
|
|
Term
| what is the transcription unit? |
|
Definition
| the mRNA that is being copied from the DNA |
|
|
Term
| T/F only one copy can be made at a time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between pre-mRNA and mature mRNA? |
|
Definition
| pre-mRNA has the introns (junk) still in until RNA splicing occurs |
|
|
Term
| T/F RNA is determined by DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F DNA directly determines proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the three stop codons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many amino acids are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sets of three nucleotides |
|
|
Term
| AUG represents what amino acid? |
|
Definition
| methionine and its the start codon and is not present in many proteins |
|
|
Term
| T/F proteins of monomers made of polymers. |
|
Definition
false
polymers made of monomers |
|
|
Term
| transcription is also known as ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| translation is also known as ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain how translation occurs. |
|
Definition
| the small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA which initiates the large ribosomal subunit to bind together once the start codon is found (initiation). then an amino acid binds to the codon with tRNA and the anticodon, the ribosome unit shifts bringing in another animo acid to bind together to create a polypeptide chain until a stop codon is reached. |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of tRNA? |
|
Definition
| contains the anticodon so that the mRNA can be decoded |
|
|
Term
A segment of DNA has one strand with the following sequence of bases:
AGCGCATAGCAA
The complimentary strand of RNA would be: |
|
Definition
|
|
