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Fungi - Domain of eukarya - Kingdom of fungi - Found in the fossil record (460 million years ago) - Thought to have evolved from a unicellular flagellated ancestor - Originated 1.5 billion years ago - Heterotrophic – but they do not ingest food - The absorb nutrients from other organisms – |
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- Fungi secrete enzymes that digest their food outside their bodies - Then they absorb the small nutrient molecules directly |
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Hyphae – threadlike filaments Mycellium – branch and form a network Single cells - yeast |
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- Wall are made of chitin (strong, but flexible) - The chains of cells in some hyphae are separated by crosswalls - The walls have pores that allow some things to pass |
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0 fungi grow longer without getting thicker Very high growth rates: a mycelium can add a kilometre a day |
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Fungal Reproduction (fig 17.15) |
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- Asexual and sexual - Fungi produce huge numbers of asexual spores, each of which can germinate to form a new fungus |
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any rapidly growing fungus that reproduces asexually by producing spores, at the tips of specialized hyphae |
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any single celled fungus that reproduces asexually by budding – inhabit liquid or moist habitats |
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Sexual reproduction of fungi |
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- Haploid mycelia - Different mating types - Release signalling molecules - Grow toward each other - Fusion of cytoplasm without fusion of nuclei: heterokaryotic stage - Cells contain two genetically distant haploid nuclei - Hours or centuries may pass before parental nuclei fuse to form a short-lived diploid phase - Zygotes undergoes meiosis inside specialized reproductive structures and disperse haploid spores |
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Sexual Structures of Fungi |
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- Used to classify the fungi - Fungi that have no known sexual stage are called imperfect fungi |
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Five major groups o fungi |
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- Chytrids (ancestor group) - Zygomycetes - Glomeromycetes - Ascomycetes - Basidiomycetes |
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- Only fungi with flagellated spores - Probably the earliest linage - Common in ponds, lakes, soil - Linked to mortality in frogs in central America and Australia |
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- Ex. Bread mould, moulds that rot produce - Characterized by their zygosporangium - Can tolerate harsh conditions - When conditions are favourable, parental nuclei fuse, diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis to form spores - Sexual reproduction in the fall: genetic diversity - Haploid spores mature in the spring - Can reproduce asexually for many generations |
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- Form mychorrizae that invade plant root with distinct structures called arbuscles |
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- Unicellular yeasts to morels and cup fungi - Named for the sac like asci that hold the sexual spores - Varity of habitats: marine, freshwater, terrestrial - Pathogenic forms - Lichens |
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Basidiomycetes (mushrooms, puffballs and shelf fungi) |
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- Named for their basidia (their sexual spores) - Spores are called basidiospores - Mushrooms are formed from tightly packed hyphae - They are reproductive structure is the part that we eat |
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1) Fusion of the two hyphae of different mating types 2) Growth of heterokaryotic mycellium 3) Diploid nuclei 4) Spores released 5) Germination of spores and growth of myclia |
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The basic structure that makes up a fungus is the ___________ a) Hypha b) Anther c) Archegonium d) Frond |
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Defining characteristics of animals |
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- Cells lack walls - Have special junctions that join cells - Have muscle cells for movement and nerve cells for conductions impulses - Unique embryonic stages - Unique genes |
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- Haploid egg and sperm produced by meiosis meet in fertilization - The newly formed diploid stage is called a zygote - The zygote undergoes a series of mitotic divisions without changing total volume - Eventually a hollow ball of cells is formed, this is called a blastula - Some cells migrate an infolding in the hollow - Gastrulating occurs when a tube is formed in the embryo; it is now know as gastrula - The opening formed during gastrulation will become the mouth in some animals - The endoderm is the inner layer - The ectoderm is the outer layer - The larva is an immature form that looks different from the adult - Metamorphosis is when the larva undergoes a major change of body form to become the adult |
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- A group of genes that controls the transformation from zygote to adult in animals - Control the events that lead to different body forms in different animals |
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Ecological causes for the Cambian explosion |
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- Evolution of hard body coverings: increasingly complex predator-prey relationships - Diverse adaptations for feeding, motility and protection |
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- Atmospheric oxygen reached a high enough concentration to support the metabolism of more active, mobile animals |
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- The Hox complex of regulatory genes variation in these genes produced animal diversity |
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Animal body plans vary in: |
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- Symmetry - Presence and type of body cavity - Number of germ layer |
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A radically symmetrical animal has |
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- Top and bottom - - but no sides |
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Animals with bilateral symmetry have |
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- Mirror – image , right and left sides - Distinct head (anterior) and tail (posterior) - A back (dorsal) and belly (ventral) |
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Organization of tissues of animals |
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->- <!--[endif]-->Sponges lack true tissues <!--[if !supportLists]-->- <!--[endif]-->In other animals, cell layers formed during gastrulation give rise to tissues and organs <!--[if !supportLists]-->- <!--[endif]-->Some animals have only ectoderm and endoderm, but most animals also have a mesoderm |
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->- <!--[endif]-->Filled with fluid <!--[if !supportLists]-->- <!--[endif]-->Cushions internal organs <!--[if !supportLists]-->- <!--[endif]-->Allows organs to grow and move independent of the body wall |
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only two layers of tissue surrounded by endoderm and mesoderm |
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third layer of tissue that is surrounded by mesoderm tissue on all sides |
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Sponges are simple, sedentary animals |
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- Ingest food, no cell walls, genes - A sexual and sexual reproduction |
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- 2 layers of cells - Separated by gelatinous region - Class, carbonate or protein fibres for support - Can be simple or more folded and complex - Sponges can be put through a sieve, and the cells will eventfully re-aggregate and function as a sponge - Outer layer with pores - Inner layer · Flagellated choanocytes · Filters food and engulfs it by phagocytosis - Amoebocytes · Wander through the middle body region |
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Water is drawn in through pores in the body wall into a central cavity, and then flows out rhough a larger opening |
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Cnidarians: sea jellies, anemones and associates |
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Have true tissues: eumetazoans - Radially symmetrical - Two tissues - Simple nervous and muscle system - Marine and freshwater habitats, mostly marine |
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- Prey capture (carnivores) - Defence - a fine threads coiled within a capsule - can wrap around prey Cinidocytes sometimes contain poisons |
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attached on the aboral surface |
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float in the water column, oral surface down |
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- freshwater - small: 25 mm - Polyps dominant form |
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- Purely marine - Polyp is the dominant life stage - Sessile generally but can move away from danger |
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- medusa is the dominant body forms |
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- Polyps forms secrete a hard external skeleton |
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