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BIO 101 Test #3- Professor Finch
Chapters 7-9
56
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/20/2010

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Term
Name the two men who discovered structure of DNA...
Definition
Watson and Crick
Term
Name of woman whose data Watson and Crick used to make their discovery
Definition
Rosalind Franklin
Term
Basic structure of DNA
Definition
Backbone made of what? Sugar-phospate
Nucleotides? G and C A and T

Type of bond that holds the structure together Hydrogen bonding
Term
Which base goes with which?
Definition
G and C A and T
Term
Why this is important for replication?
Definition
B/c nucleotides ATCG have complimentary bonds.
Term
# of chromosomes in human cell
Definition
46
Term
Genome vs. gene
Definition
Genome=all genetic info in the cell; Gene=a code for a specific protein
Term
Central dogma
Definition
DNA to RNA to protein
Term
Where each part takes place in cell
Definition
DNA(nucleus) RNA(cytoplasm) Protein(ribosome)
Term
Definition of semiconservative
Definition
each new DNA strand has half of original and half new.
Term
Why is simiconservative important?
Definition
Keeping half of original makes it identical
Term
Remember DNA replication uses lots ____?
Definition
ATP
Term
Remember DNA replication uses lots ____?
Definition
ATP
Term
Definition of allele
Definition
variation of a gene
Term
2 main enzymes in DNA replication
Definition
a. DNA polymerase – An enzyme that catalysis the synthesis of DNA
b. Helicase – Unwinds the DNA(if you were DNA I would be DNA helicase so I could unzip your genes) HAHA
Term
Full name of PCR
Definition
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Term
What is PCR used for?
Definition
making lots of copies of DNA for further analysis
Term
DNA sequencing
Definition
it generates series of DNA fragments that are complimentary to the original DNA.
Term
What does DNA sequencing do?
Definition
finds out the order of the original DNA
Term
DNA profiling=RFLP....what is it used for?
Definition
to detect differences between individual

Match DNA samples, find the baby daddy
Term
Programmed cell death
Definition
Apoptosis
Term
Why it’s important that cell division be balanced with cell death
Definition
b/c it can cause built up of tissue mass called a tumor
Term
Name of one of 2 identical copies of a replicated chromosome
Definition
Chromatid
Term
Name of body cells
Definition
Somatic
Term
Number of chromosomes found in somatic cells?
Definition
46
Term
Term that describes having 2 full sets of genetic information
Definition
Diploid
Term
Way somatic cells are produced
Definition
Mitosis
Term
Example of cells that do not undergo the process of cell division
Definition
Nervous System cells
Term
Name of sperm and egg cells
Definition
gametes
Term
# of chromosomes found in gametes?
Definition
23
Term
Term that describes having 1 full set of genetic information
Definition
haploid
Term
Way that gametes are produced?
Definition
meiosis
Term
Karyotype-
Definition
“picture” of pairs of chromosomes
Term
2 major phases of cell cycle
Definition
Interphase and Mitosis
Term
Abnormal mass of tissue
Definition
tumor
Term
Difference between benign (noncancerous) and malignant (cancerous)
Definition
Term
Oncogene-
Definition
abnormal varients of a gene that normally control cell division
Term
What they(Oncogene) can do to cause cancer…
Definition
may accelerate cell cycle and cause cancer
Term
Tumor suppressor genes-
Definition
encode proteins that normally block cancer development
Term
What can tumor supressor genes do to cause cancer
Definition
promote normal cell death to prevent cell division/ mutation or deletion of gene
Term
Other common contributors to development of cancer
Definition
Harmful chemicals, radiation, viruses(HPV)….also environment-smoking, sun damage, poor diet, lack of exercise will increase risk
Term
Best way to beat cancer-
Definition
Early detection
Term
Common cancer treatments
Definition
Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Term
2 main functions of apoptosis
Definition
1.Eliminates excess cells to carve out functional structures like fingers and toes
2.Weeds out cells that might harm the organism
Term
Name of apoptosis-specific enzymes---
Definition
Caspases
Term
2 main differences between asexual and sexual reproduction
Definition
1. genetic clone=asexual
2. Sexual-genetic variation----2 organisms
Term
Autosome vs. sex chromosomes
Definition
a. How many of each found in somatic cells 44 b/c 2 are sex cells b. How many of each found in sex (germ) cells 22 b/c 1 is sex cell c. What sex chromosomes make a girl vs. boy xx-girl xy-boy d. Which parent controls the sex of the child (mother or father) and why. Father, he has X AND Y
Term
3 ways variability is added to organism by meiosis
Definition
a. Crossing over (occurs in Prophase I) b. Random alignment (occurs in Metaphase I) c. Random fertilization
Term
Difference between fraternal or identical twins
Definition
Identical twins come from same egg and they have the exact same genes.
Term
Main differences between mitosis and meiosis
Definition
—Mitosis occurs in somatic cells throughout the life cycle —Meiosis only in germ cells during some life stages —Mitosis has one cell division yielding 2 daughters —Meiosis has 2 cell divisions yielding 4 daughters —Cytokinesis happens once in mitosis —Twice in meiosis —Only in meiosis do homologous pairs align and crossing over occurs —Mitosis yields identical daughter cells for growth, repair, asexual reproduction —Meiosis yields genetically variable daughters for sexual reproduction
Term
Polyploidy-
Definition
one or more complete sets of extra chromosomes
Term
Nondisjunction
Definition
chromosomes fail to separate at 1st or 2nd meiotic division a. Most prominent example in humans- Trisomy 21
Term
Chromosomal changes
Definition
a. Deletions b. Duplications c. Inversions
Term
Spermatogenesis
Definition
production of sperm cells b. How long does it occur in males and why? A man’s whole life
Term
Oogenesis
Definition
a. What is it- production of eggs
b. How long does it occur in females and why? It occurs before birth
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