Term
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Definition
| visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface |
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Term
| scanning electron microscope |
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Definition
| the electron beam scans the surface of the sample usually coated with a thin film of gold |
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Term
| transmission electron microscope |
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Definition
| aims electron beam through a very thin section of the specimen similiar to the way a light microscope transmits light through a slide |
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Term
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Definition
| takes cells apart and seperates major organelles and other sub-cellular structures from one another |
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Term
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Definition
| semi-fluid jelly-like substance |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the interior of either type of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the entire cell |
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Term
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Definition
| net like array of protein filamints that maintain the shape of the nucleus mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope |
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Term
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Definition
| structures that carry the genetic info |
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Term
|
Definition
| complex of DNA and protein making up chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| complexes made of ribsomal RNA protein are the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles and the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| an extensive network of membranes that it accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| outer surface lacks ribosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| is studded with ribosomes on the outer surface of the membrane and thus appears rough nature |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that have carbohydrates that are covalently bonded |
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Term
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Definition
| vesicles in transit form one part of the cell to another |
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Term
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Definition
| an organelle in eukaryaotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacks that modify store and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products notably non-cellulose carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| membranous sack of hydrolytic enzymnes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
| amoebas and many other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles |
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Term
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Definition
| are large vesicles derived the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pumps excess water out of the cell there by maintaing a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| develops by the coalesence of smaller vacuoles |
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Term
|
Definition
| are the sites cellular respiration metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP by exctracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels |
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Term
|
Definition
| found in plants and algae are the sites of photosyntesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| states that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| an infloding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. the inner membrane houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
| the second compartment.is enclosed by the inner membraines. contains many different enzymes as well as the mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| stacked like poker chips. inside the chloroplaswt is another membranous system in the form of flattened interconnected sacks |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the fluid outside the thylakoids. contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| one of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts. is found in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| is a specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
| a protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| a hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella |
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Term
|
Definition
| a structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtuble-organizing center and is important during cell division. has two centrioles |
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Term
|
Definition
| a structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtuble triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern |
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Term
|
Definition
| a long celluar appendage specialized for locomotion. like motile cilia, eukaryotic ______ have a core with nine outer doublet microtubles and two inner single microtubels (arranged 9+2) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| a short apendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the micrtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum is anchored in the cell by a _____ |
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Term
|
Definition
| each outer doublet also has pairs of protruding proteins spaced along its length and reaching toward the neighboring doublet, these are large motor proteins called_____ |
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Term
|
Definition
| a cable composed of actin protiens in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a globular protein that links into chains, two of wich twist helically about each other, forming microfiliaments in mucsle and other kinds of cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| the outer region of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell, lying just under the plasma membrane, that has more gel-like consistency than the inner regions due to the presence of multiple microfilaments |
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of motor protein that associates into fillaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
| a celluar extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding |
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Term
|
Definition
| a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| a component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubles and microfilaments |
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Term
|
Definition
| is an extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them frrom animal cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| a young plant cell first secretes a relatively thin and flexible wall called ______ |
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Term
|
Definition
| in plants a thin of adhesive extracellar material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| in plant cells, a strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane, provides structure and support |
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Term
|
Definition
| the meshwork surronding animal cells, consiting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by the cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| the most abundent glycoprotein in the ECM of most animal cwlls, makes up 40% of protein in human body |
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Term
|
Definition
| woven substance that collagen fibers are held together, secrete by cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of ECM protein bound to cell-surface receptor proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| built by into plasma membrane, a cell-surface receptor |
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Term
|
Definition
| allows some substances to be more allowed than others, also what substances are allowed to pass |
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Term
|
Definition
| having both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the membrane is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in or attached to a double layer of phospholipids |
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Term
|
Definition
| a transmembrane protein with hydrophobis regions that extend into and often completely span hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions incontact with the aquarious solution on one or both sides of the membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| not embedded in the lipid by layer at all, appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane often to exposed parts of the intergral proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| a lipid with one or more covalently attatched caqrbohydrates |
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Term
|
Definition
| a protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates |
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Term
|
Definition
| a transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class closely related substances to cross the membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| a channel protein in the plasma membrane of a plant, animal, or microorganism cell that specifically facilitates osmosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| the movement of molecules of any substance so that they spread out evenly into the available space |
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Term
|
Definition
| a region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases |
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Term
|
Definition
| the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| the diffusion of free water across a selectively permiable membrane whether artificial or cellular |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water |
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Term
|
Definition
| there will be no net movement of water across the plasma membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell will lose water, shrivel, and probably die |
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Term
|
Definition
| water will enter the cell faster than it leaves, and the cell will swell and burst |
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Term
|
Definition
| regulation of solutes concentration and water balance by a cell or organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| swollen or distended as in plant cells, occurs bc of lower water concentration within cell than in cell surroundings |
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Term
|
Definition
| lacking turgor, stiffness or firmness as in plant cell in surroundings where there is a tendenancy for water to leave the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| a phenominon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels adnd the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall, occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment |
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Term
|
Definition
depassage of molecules or ions down there electgrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expendature
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Term
|
Definition
| a transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to diffuse across the membrane down its concentration or electrochemical gradient |
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Term
|
Definition
| open or close to a response to a stimulus for some ____ the stimulus is electrical |
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Term
|
Definition
| the movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expendature of energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| exchanges sodium + for potassium + across the plasma membrane of animal cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| the difference in electrical charge across a cell's plasma membrane due to the differential distribution of ions. affects the activity of exciteable cells in the transmembrane movement of all charge substances |
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Term
|
Definition
| the difusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane and the ions tendencies to move relative to the membrane potential |
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Term
|
Definition
| a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| an active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient genereating a membrane protential in the process |
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Term
|
Definition
| the coupling of the downhill diffusion of one substance to the uphill transport of another against its own concentration gradient |
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Term
|
Definition
| the cellular secretion of biological molecules by diffusion of vessicles containing them with the plasma membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| a term for any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor sites of another molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
| begins with a specific molecule which is then altared in a series of define steps resulting in a certain product |
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Term
|
Definition
| is an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions btwn molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpliar molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| consumed energy to build complicated molecules from simpliar ones |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of how energy flows through living organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| the capacity to cause change especially to do work |
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Term
|
Definition
| the energy associated with the relative motion of objects |
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Term
|
Definition
| kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| energy that matter posseses bc of its location or structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| teh potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter |
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|
Term
| first law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| energy of universe is constant, energy can be transfered and transformed but cannot be created or destroyed |
|
|
Term
| second law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe |
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Term
|
Definition
| a process that can occur without an input of energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| is the portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temp. and pressure are uniformed throughout the system, as in a living cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| a spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net realease of free energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| a non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings |
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Term
|
Definition
| in cellular metabolism the use of energy release from an exergonic reaction to drive and edergonic reaction |
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|
Term
| phosphorylated intermediate |
|
Definition
| a molecule with a phosphate group covalently bound to it making it more reactive than the unphosphoylated molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| the initial investment of energy for starting a reaction the energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break |
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Term
|
Definition
| the reactant on which an enzyme works |
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Term
|
Definition
| a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
| its typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme where catalyst occur |
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Term
|
Definition
| brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalize the chemical reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| any non-protein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. can be permently bound to the active site or may bind loosely and reversively, along with the substrate, during catalysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organic molecule suving as a cofactor |
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|
Term
| non-competetive inhibitors |
|
Definition
| a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site |
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Term
|
Definition
| termed used to describe any case in which a protein function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a seperate site |
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Term
|
Definition
| a kind of allosterric regulation where by a shape change in one sub-unit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the other sub-units, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those sub-units |
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Term
|
Definition
| a method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within the pathway |
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Term
|
Definition
| is a partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
| oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with tthe organic fuel |
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Term
|
Definition
| the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another |
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Term
|
Definition
| the complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| the complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reation |
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Term
|
Definition
| the electron donor in a redox reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| the electron acceptor in a redox reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| nicotinamide adinine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily btwn oxidized and reduced states, thus acting as an electron carrier |
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of a number of molecules, mostly proteins, built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane aerobically respiring prokaryotes |
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Term
|
Definition
| a series of reactions that ultimately splits gluecose into pyrubate |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chemical cycle involving 8 steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of gluecose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl (CoACO2) |
|
|
Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| the production of ATP using energy derrived form the redox reactions of an electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| substrate level phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| the enzyme catalize formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
| acetyl coenzyme A, the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attatched to a coenzyme |
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Term
|
Definition
| an iron containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplast of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| a complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
| process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
| the potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions acrooss a biological membrane during chemiosmosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| glycolysis followed by the reduction pyruvate to ethanol alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide |
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Term
|
Definition
| pyruvate reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product with no release of carbon dioxide |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present |
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Term
|
Definition
| breaks the fatty acids down to 2 carbon fragments, which enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derrived from other organisms |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derrived from them |
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Term
|
Definition
| leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| a microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange btwn the environment and the interior of a plant |
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Term
|
Definition
| the dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and contaisn ribosomes and DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| the green pigment that gives leaves their color resides in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first of 2 major stages in photosynthesis, the reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the cholorplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, converts solar energy to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH releasing oxygen in the process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the second of 2 major stages in photosynthesis involving of fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction fo the fixed carbon into carbohydrates |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| nicotinamidd adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron receptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produce during the light reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of generating ATP from ADP in phosphate by means chemiosmosis, usiong a proton motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokayotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the intial incorporation or carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| distance btwn the crests of electromagnetic waves |
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Term
|
Definition
| the entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, ranging in wavelength from less then a nano meter to more than a kilometer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
segement most important to life is the narrow band from about 380 nanometers to 750 nanometers in wavelength and can be detected as various colors by the human eye
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a quantum, for descrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a partical |
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Term
|
Definition
| this machine directs beams of light of different wavelengths through a solution of the pigment and measures the fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| isa a graph plotting a pigments light absorption vs. wavelength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| participates directly in light reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving the process |
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Term
|
Definition
| hydrocarbons that are various shades of yellow and orange bc they absorb violet and blue-green light |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a light capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts or in the membrane of some prokaryotes consisting of a reaction center complex surrounded by a numerous light harvesting complexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex of proteins associated with a special pair of cholorphyl A molecules and a primary electron receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of various pigment molecules bound to proteins |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 types of photsystems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aq light capturing unit in a chloroplast thyakaloid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotic membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of 2 light captruing units in a chloroplast thyakaloid membrane or in the membrane of some prokarayotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a route of eletron flow during the light reactions of photosythesis that involves both
PS1 and PS2 and produces ATP, NADPH, O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only PS1 and produces ATP not NADPH or O2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a plant that uses the calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate oxygen into organic material, forming a 3 carbon compound as the first stable intermediate |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a metabloic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, release carbon dioxide, decreases photosynthetic output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they preface the calvin cycle with an alternate mode of carbon fixation that forms a 4 carbon compound as its first product |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| are arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a plants that uses crassulacea acid metabolism, an adaption for photosynthesis and air conditions |
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