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| the process of change to the diversity of organisms |
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| properties that are not present at the preceding level |
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| an approach that attempts to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts |
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what are the 10 levels of biological organization
(largest to smallest) |
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| biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, organs and organ systems, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules |
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| subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-eclosed organelles |
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| simpler than eukaryotic cells, DNA is not seperated from the rest of the cell by enclosure in a membrane-bounded nucleus |
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| units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring |
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| process by which the info in a gene directs the production of a cellular product |
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| genetic instructions that an organism inherits |
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| the output or product of a process regulates. in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process |
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| an end product speeds up its own production |
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| What are the 3 domains of organisms? |
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| bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
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| what domains (2) are prokaryotic? |
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| evolutionary adaptation theorized by Charles Darwin |
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| an approach to understanding the natural world |
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| search for information and explanation |
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| a tentative answer to a well-framed question |
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| generally used after the hypothesis has been developed and involves logic that flows in the opposite direction, from general to specific |
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| applies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose |
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| a substance that cannot be broken down to tother substances by chemical reactions |
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| a substance consisting of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio |
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| the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
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| positive charged particle in a nucleus |
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| neutral charged particle in a nucleus |
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| negative charged particle in a nucleus |
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| unit of measurement to measure the mass of protons and neutrons |
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| # of protons in a nucleus |
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sum of protons plus neutrons found in the nucleus of an atom
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| approximation of total mass of an atom |
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| atoms of an element that have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element |
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| one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy |
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| energy that matter possesses bc of its location or structure |
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| 3-D space where an electron is found 90% of the time |
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| What are the strongest types of chemical bonds? |
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| 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
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| single pair of shaired electrons |
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| the bonding compacity of unpaired electrons |
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| the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond |
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| electrons shared equally bc the atoms have the same electronegativity |
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| electrons are not equally shared or one atom has more electronegativity than the other |
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| the attraction caused by a cation and an anion |
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| compounds formed by ionic bonds |
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| noncovalent attraction btwn a hydrogen and an electronegative atom |
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| point at which reactions offset one another one another exactly |
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| unequal sharing of electrons |
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| the clinging of one substance to another |
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| measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
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a measure of heat intesity that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules, regardless of volume
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| amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celcius |
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| amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celcius |
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| the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state |
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| occurs bc the molecules witht eh greatest kinetic energy are the most likely to leave as gas |
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| a liquid that is completely homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances |
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| dissolving agent of a solution |
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| substance that is dissolved |
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| is one in which water is the solvent |
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| the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion |
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| any substance that has an affinity to water |
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| stable suspension of fine particules in a liquid |
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| substances that are nonionic and nonpolar actually seem to repel water |
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| sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule |
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| # of moles of solute per liter of solution |
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| a single proton with a + charge |
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| water molecule that lost a proton which has a negative 1 charge (OH-) |
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| the proton binds to the other water molecule making that molecule (H3O+) |
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| is a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
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| a substancer that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
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| negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concetration |
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| substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution |
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| study of carbon compounds |
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| organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
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| compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same element but different structures and hints different properties |
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| differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms |
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| carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms but these atoms differ in their spacial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds |
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| are isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due the presence of an asymmetric carbon one that is attached to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms |
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| chemical groups affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions |
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| consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attaqched to a string of 3 phosphate groups |
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| what are 3 main macromolecules? |
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| carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids |
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| long molecule consistings of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds |
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| building blocks of polymers |
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| specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions |
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| monomers are connecting by a reaction in which 2 molecules are covalently bounded to each other with the loss of a water molecule |
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| a process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction |
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| includes both sugars and polymers of sugars |
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| consists of 2 monosaccharide joined by a glycosidic linkage,(a covalent bond formed btwn 2 monosaccharides by dehydration reaction) |
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| are macromolecules polymers with a few hundred-few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages |
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| a polymer of glucaose monomers as granuoles within cellular structures known as plastids |
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| a ploymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched |
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| major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells |
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| classified as a strucutural polysaccharide, carbohydrate used by orthropods to build their exoskeletons |
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| any of a group of large biological molecules including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that mix poorly if at all with water |
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| is constructed from 2 kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids |
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| has a long carbon skeleton usually 16 or 18 carbon atoms in length, carbon at 1 end of the skeleton is part of a carboxyl group |
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| consists of 3 fatty acids linked to 1 glycerol molecule |
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| if there are no double bonds btwn carbon atoms composing a chain then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton such a structure is said to be saturated with hydrogen and the resulting fatty acids |
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| has 1 or more double bonds with 1 fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded carbon, nearly all double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids are cis double bonds which cause a kink in the hydrocarbon chain wherever they occur |
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| an unsaturated fat formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils containing 1 or more trans double bonds |
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| essential for cells bc they make up cell membranes, their structure provides a classic ex. of how form fits function at the molecular level |
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| are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings |
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| crucial molecule in animals, it is a common component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized |
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| chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction |
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| what protein regualtes metabolism by acting as a catylst? |
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| is a biloogically functional molecule that consists of 1 or more polypeptides each folded and coiled into a specific 3-D structure |
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| is an organic molecule possessing both an amino group and carboxyl group |
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| look at figure 5-15 and 5-16 protein functions |
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Definition
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| when 2 amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of 1 is adjacent to the amino group of the other, they can become joined by a dehydration reaction with the removal of a water molecule the resulting covalent bond |
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| if the pH, salt concentration, temp, or other aspects of its environment are altered the weak chemical bonds and interactions within a protein may be desroyed casuing the protein to unravel and lose its native shape |
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| proein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins |
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| used to determine the 3-D structure of many other proteins |
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| the amino acid sequences of a polypeptide is programmed by a descrete unit of inheritence |
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| are polymers made of monomers called nucleotides |
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| what are 2 types of nucleic acids? |
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Definition
| deoxribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
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Definition
| nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers |
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| monomer that makes up polynucleotides |
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| 1 six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms |
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| what are the members of the pyrimidine family? |
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Definition
| cytosine, thymine, uracil |
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Definition
| are larger with a 6 membered ring fused to a 5 membered ring |
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| what are the 2 types of purines? |
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| DNA molecules have 2 polynucleotides or strands that spiral around and imaginary axis |
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| the 2 sugar phosphate backbones run in opposite 5>3 directions from each other |
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