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Bio 100
digestive system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, urinary system, reproductive system, genetics
122
Biology
Undergraduate 2
12/16/2012

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Term
teeth
Definition
help break up food
adults have 32 covered in enamel
Term
tongue
Definition
muscle with receptors that force food in pharynx
secretes lingual lipase - enzyme to start chemical digestion of lipids
Term
saliva
Definition
secreted from salivary glands under tongue and near ears
starts with the digestive process
Term
pharynx
Definition
throat - where food goes when swallowed
5 inches long and leads to larynx
Term
esophagus
Definition
lined with smooth muscle
rhythmically contracts in wavelike movements to push food down to stomach
Term
stomach
Definition
J shaped muscular sac with folds that expand to hold 2 liters of food
Term
pancreas
Definition
under stomach - accessory gland
has both endocrine and exocrine secretions
Term
endocrine secretions
Definition
insulin/glucagon into blood to regulate glucose levels
Term
exocrine secretions
Definition
many enzymes to break down chyme
Term
small intestine
Definition
breaking down the macromolecules into smaller building blocks and then absorbing the nutrients into the blood
Term
microvilli
Definition
increase surface area of absorption
Term
large intestine (colon)
Definition
approximately 5 ft long
reabsorption of water, minerals and vitamins
send the undigested material, excess water and fats out the anus
bacteria help break down indigestive material
Term
cause of most ulcers
Definition
alcohol and aspirin use
Term
major digestive enzymes in saliva
Definition
salivary amylase, lysozomes
Term
enzyme in small intestine
Definition
cholecytokinin, secretin
Term
stomach enzymes
Definition
pepsin, ghnelin
Term
bile
Definition
used to break large fat globules into smaller ones that can be broken down by pancreatic lipase
helps rid the liver of excess cholesterol
Term
gallstones
Definition
formed from excess cholesterol that is secreted with the bile and can form into hard balls
form from too much bilibrubin in the bile (pigment stones)
Term
surgically removed gallbladder
Definition
liver still produces bile and secretes it
bile duct enlarges and becomes storage area
Term
functions of the liver
Definition
produce and secrete bile to emulsify fat
controls amino acid and ammonia levels in blood
controls glucose levels and convers glycogen to glucose
removes hormones that are not needed
breaks down worn out or dead red blood cells
stores vitamin A, D, E and iron
stores fat or ships it to adipose cells
fat storing cells in the liver secrete leptin to suppress apetite
cholesterol, plasma proteins and blood lipids are manufactured in nepeatoryotes in liver
lactic acid made by muscles and converted to glucose
detoxifies blood by converting toxins
Term
Acid reflux GERD
Definition
eschophegeal sphincter doesn't close properly and acidic chyme and HCL go from stomach to esphagus
prevention: eat less acidic foods
Term
heart
Definition
circulating blood and nutrients to tissues of the body
clearing metabolic wastes
4 chambers
Term
arteries
Definition
travel away from the heart and have oxygenated blood
Term
vein
Definition
bring deoxygenated blood to the heart
Term
capillaries
Definition
only one cell layer with many pores that have blood in the first portion of the capillary bed
where diffusion of nutrients, gasses and wastes occurs from blood to cells all over the body
Term
regulation of blood pressure
Definition
done in the arteroles
Term
majority of blood volume
Definition
held in venules
Term
heart rate
Definition
speed of beats per minute
average 60-80 BPM
Term
stroke volume
Definition
volume of blood pumped per beat
Term
TPS
Definition
pressure of arterioles
Term
normal blood pressure
Definition
under 120/80 and above 100/60
determined by diet, stress exercise
Term
stroke
Definition
loss of brain function from a lack of blood flow
Term
heart attack
Definition
plaque/clot in coronary artery stop blood flow to heart muscles
Term
pathway in heart
Definition
enters atrium->ventricle
Term
systemic circulation
Definition
right atrium->right ventricle->lungs
Term
pulmonary circulation
Definition
left atrium->left ventricle->body tissue
Term
capillaries
Definition
gasses, nutrients, wastes exchanged after arterioles
Term
Lubb sound
Definition
left atrium->left ventricle through ARTERIAL VENTRICULAR VALVES
one way - shut after blood passes
Term
dubb sound
Definition
left ventricle-> artery through semilunar valve contracts to prevent backflow of blood to ventricle
Term
resting heart rate
Definition
heart rate when relaxed with no exertion
lower for those in shape - heart muscle is stronger, one pump has higher volume of blood
Term
increasing heart rate during exercise
Definition
muscles use more oxygen and glucose from blood with increase movement
Term
defibrillator
Definition
used after heart attack and cardiac arrest to send shock wave through heart to jump start
Term
CPR
Definition
blowing into mouth with pinched nose
if no breathing, 30 chest pumps to keep heart pumping
continue with pattern until help arrives
Term
arrhythmia
Definition
irregular heart beat
fast or slow or skips beat or haphazard beat
Term
heart murmor
Definition
irregular noise during heart beat
Term
myocardial infarction
Definition
plaques/clots in a coronary artery stop the blood flow to the heart
Term
tachycardia
Definition
heart rate that exceeds the normal range
over 100 BPM
Term
brandycardia
Definition
resting heartbeat under 60 BPM
problematic under 50
Term
aneurysms
Definition
artery vessel wall balloons outward due to weakening of blood vessel
can stimulate clots to form in the area or can burst altogether
Term
stroke
Definition
loss of brain function due to lack of blood flow to brain
Term
blood clots
Definition
platelet accumulation block blood vessels and can stop the flow of blood altogether
Term
hypertension
Definition
high blood pressure
can lead to stroke/heart attack, kidney damage and memory/vision problems
Term
hypotension
Definition
low blood pressure
not enough water or proteins in plasma
not enough oxygen or sugar to the brain
Term
systolic blood pressure
Definition
highest pressure
force of blood in arteries when ventricles contract
Term
diastolic pressure
Definition
force of blood on walls of the circulatory system while the heart is in relaxation
Term
cholesterol and fat plaques in arteries
Definition
heart attack, blood clots
Term
high blood cholesterol
Definition
hardened arteries
Term
alveoli
Definition
tiny air sacs that fight pathogens that made it past mucous
bulge out from the respiratory bronchiole walls
where gas exchange occurs
Term
bronchioles
Definition
smaller tubes in lungs that contract and dilate to have air flow
primary bronchioles->secondary bronchioles ->respiratory bronghioles
Term
bronchi
Definition
two of them leading to sides of the lungs
rings of cartilage to hold shape
epithelial tissue with mucous secreting cells and cilia that enter lungs at philia
helps to clean respiratory system
Term
trachea
Definition
windpipe
tube with muscular walls embedded with hyaline cartilage to keep it open and add strength
divides into 2 bronchi
Term
cilia
Definition
waste trapped in bronchi gets pushed upward toward pharynx so it can go down throat to stomach
smoking immobilizes cilia
Term
mucous
Definition
secreted in bronchi
moved up respiratory tract by cilia
Term
inspiration
Definition
diaphragm contracts, moves down and expands the thoratic cavity to make space for air to come in
Term
expiration
Definition
diaphragm relaxes and moves up, helping push out breath
abdominal muscles help push out breath by pushing diaphragm up
Term
lung cancer
Definition
174,000 people die a year from lung cancer
90% are smokers
Term
smoking effects
Definition
increases BP
constricts blood vessels - poor circulation
constricts appetite
alters sex hormone effectiveness
kills nerve cells and sensory receptors - smell/taste
increased C02 levels and decreased oxygen levels - can't exercise
pollution costs millions of $ to clean up
immobilizes cilia
impairs immune system - kills white blood cells - stimulates more mucous
Term
carcinagens
Definition
more than 60 in cigarettes
attack epithelial cells to grow out of control
Term
free radicals
Definition
compounds missing electrons that steal from body cell structure
damage DNA and cell membranes -> mutations - prevent cells from not dividing
Term
kidneys
Definition
capillaries process blood - filtration, reabsorption, secretion
monitor amount of oxygen in blood
release erythoprotein to stimulate stem cells in bone marrow to make more blood
form urine
makes enzyme renin to stabilize blood pressure
helps control pH balance of body
Term
uraters
Definition
tubule that leads from kidneys to bladder
contains the urine formed in the collecting ducts of nephrons
Term
bladder
Definition
stores urine that is ready to empty out of urethra
1.5 liters can be held
when walls of bladder stretch receptors signal to CNS the need to urinate
Term
testes
Definition
producing sperm and testosterone
start developing sperm at age 15 until death
starts in seminiferous tubules (immature sperm) nurse cell takes it to epididymus to mature
Term
epididymus
Definition
sperm from seminiferous tubules are sent to mature
become mobile and store until used (3 weeks)
Term
vas deferens
Definition
transport of sperm from epididymus in anticipation of ejaculation
Term
seminal vesicles
Definition
secrete fructose and prostaglandins and triggers muscle contractions to help with ejaculation as well as with sperm getting up female reproductive tract
where semen is made
Term
prostate
Definition
secretes buffers to help sperm in acidic vagina
Term
bulbourethral gland
Definition
secretes mucous, aids swimming sperm and lubricates and buffers the semen
Term
head of sperm
Definition
contains nucleus with densely coiled chromatin fibres surrounded by acronosome (enzyme to penetrate the egg)
Term
midpiece of sperm
Definition
central filamentous core with mitochondria spiraled around it that is used for ATP production for journey through female
Term
tail of sperm
Definition
flagellum
spirals to swim
Term
sperm
Definition
single male sex cell
Term
semen
Definition
sperm in fluid of fructose, prostaglandins, mucous and buffers
Term
average sperm count per ejaculation
Definition
150-350 million
Term
fallopian tubes
Definition
passageway from ovaries to the outside of the body
Term
uterus
Definition
where zygote develops to become embryo and fetus
fallopian tubes attach to upper portion (where fertilization occurs)->lining of uterus
Term
ovary
Definition
produces and secretes estrogen, progesterone, contains progenitor cell
produces eggs through meiosis
Term
vagina
Definition
muscular/elastic chamber for penial insertion
birth canal
Term
cervix
Definition
secretes thin mucous during ovulation to help with sperm delivery
once implantation occurs mucous is thicker to keep bacteria out
helps keep fetus in uterus
Term
female sex hormone
Definition
estrogen and progesterone
Term
if no fertilization of egg
Definition
ovum, corpus lutenum, oocyte, endometrial layer will all be expelled after 12 days during menstruation
Term
endometriosis
Definition
disorder where cells from the lining of uterus appear and flourish outside of uterine cavity
can lead to pelvic pain and infertilization
Term
ovulation
Definition
triggered by spike of FSH and LH releases from pituatary gland
mature egg is released from ovary into the oviduct to become fertilized
utarian lining is thickened
endometrial glands and mucous membrane is full sized
Term
menstrual cycle
Definition
28 days
ovulation = day 13-16
menstruation - day 1-4
Term
menopause
Definition
end of the fertile phase of a woman's life
late 40's - early 50's
low estrogen levels
Term
estrogen and progesterone pill
Definition
combo inhibit FSH and LH so that the follicle won't be released from ovary and eggs won't develop fully
Term
progesterone only pill
Definition
prevents ovulation
extra thick cervical mucus
inhibiting the proper preparation of the endometrial lining so zygote can't implant
Term
IUD
Definition
prevents fertilization of implantation or transport of blastocyst
Term
diaphragm
Definition
prevents sperm from reaching the egg
only prevents cervical warts
Term
cervical cap
Definition
only prevents pregnancy
Term
vasectomy
Definition
the vas deferents is snipped so sperm cannot ejaculate
Term
tube litigation
Definition
female's oviduct tubes are cut or tied so eggs cannot be fertilized
Term
morning after pill
Definition
can be used within first few days after sex and works in a variety of ways to delay ovulation, stop implantation and increase mucous protection
Term
homologous chromosomes
Definition
same genes
one from mom and one from dad
pair of chromasomes of the same length and centromere position and staining pattern that possesses genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci
Term
sister chromatids
Definition
two identical copies of a chromatid
Term
gene
Definition
sequence of DNA used to code for a protein
Term
alleles
Definition
different sequences of DNA used to code for a protein
Term
sex chromosome
Definition
xx=female
xy=male
Term
dominant allele
Definition
affects its phenotype in heterozygous state
even if only 1 copy of the allele is present
Term
recessive allele
Definition
only express its phenotype in homozygous state
Term
genotype
Definition
sum total of alleles in organism for a gene
Term
phenotype
Definition
how alleles are expresses
physical expression of phenotype
Term
trait
Definition
physical/biochemical or behavior character of an organism that appears to be genetically determined
Term
gamete
Definition
a cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization
Term
zygote
Definition
initial cell formed when 2 gamete cells are joined by sexual reproduction
Term
SRY gene
Definition
causes testes to develop in week 7 of development
found of Y chromosome
Term
huntington's disease
Definition
autosomal dominant - not sex linked - 1 allele in genotype to express
progressive onset neurodegenerative disease
over time, degradation of basic nuclei of brain and nerve cell
begins in late teens and takes 10-15 years to die
huntington protein breaks down nuclei and progressive loss of brain functions, slurred speech, loss of memory, convulsions, seizures, suffocation
Term
cystic fibrosis
Definition
autosomal recessive disorder
mutation of CF allele created a Cl- ion transport protein in membrane which cannot move Cl- across membrane
reduce H20 an Na+ movements in tissue
buildup of mucous in lungs - no H20 to break it up
suffocation of mucous
Term
hemophilia
Definition
X-linked recessive disorder
missing factor VIII clotting protein
can take up to 2 days to clot blood
Term
one gene one protein hypothesis
Definition
the idea that genes act through production of enzymes - with each gene responsible for producing a single enzyme that affects a single step in a metabolic pathway
Term
criss-cross inheritance
Definition
mom passes diseases to sons and dads pass to daughters
Term
higher frequency of sex linked disorders
Definition
males
only have one x chromosome
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