Term
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Definition
| thin, protective layer of ozone molecules located in the atmosphere that absorvs UV radiation and prevents much of it from reaching organisms in the biosphere |
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Definition
| chemicals used in refrigeration, as propellants in aersosal cans, and in manufacturing processes that are probably the main cause of the destruction of the atmosphere |
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Definition
| short for biological diversity |
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Term
| 3 main components of biodiversity |
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Definition
| diversity of ecosystem, variety of species that make up the biological community of any ecosystem,and the genetic variation within each species |
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| when is the seventh mass extinction in the history of life set to occur? |
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Definition
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| what is the cause of the seventh mass extinction? |
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Definition
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| 3 root causes of the biodiversity crisis |
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Definition
| habitat destruction, introduced species, and overexploitation |
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Definition
| the change in population size per time interval; the growth of a population is equal to the number of births minus the number of deaths |
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Definition
| the rate of expansion of a population under ideal, unregulated conditions is described by this model, in which the whole population muliples by a constant factor during constant time intervals (the generation time) |
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| population-limiting factors |
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Definition
| environmental factors that restrict population growth |
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Definition
| a descriptin of idealized population groth that is slowed by limiting factors |
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Definition
| the number of individuals in a population that the environment can just maintain ("carry") with no net increase or decrease |
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Term
| intraspecific competition |
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Definition
| competition between individuals of the same species for the same limited resouces |
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Definition
| a population-limiting factor whose effects intensify as the population increases in density |
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Term
| density-independent factor |
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Definition
| a population-limiting factor whose intensity is unrelated to population density |
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Term
| has the human population been growing logistically or exponentially? |
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Definition
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Term
| what can age structure help predict? |
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Definition
| the future growth of populations in different countries |
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Definition
| projects visible light through the specimen,and uses glass to enlarge the image and project it into a human eye or camera |
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| what are 2 important factors in microscopy? |
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Definition
| magnification and resolving power |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the object's apparent size compared with its actual size |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of an optical instrument to show two objects as separate; the clarity of a magnified image depnds on the resolving power; i.e. star in sky may be resolved as 2 stars with a telescope |
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Definition
| includes the induction that all living things are composed of cells; later expanded to include the notion that all cells arise from previously exisiting cells |
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Definition
| uses a beam of elctrons to resolve objects; much better resolving power than a light microscope |
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Term
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Definition
| diverse parts within a cell; "little organs" |
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Term
| scanning electron microscope |
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Definition
| used to study the detailed architecture of the surface of a cell |
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| transmission electron microscope |
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Definition
| useful for exploing the internal structure of a cell |
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Definition
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Definition
| animals, plants, protists, fungi, and humans |
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Term
| prokaryotic cells (structure) |
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Definition
| no nucleus, plasma membrane surrounding the cell, surrounded by a rigid cell wall; sticky outer coatings provide protection and help them stick to surfaces; flagella - propel them through liquids |
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Definition
| regulates traffic of molecules between cells and their surroundings |
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Definition
| entire region of the cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane |
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Definition
| fluid that suspends organelles in the cytoplasm |
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| items in plant cells but not animal cells |
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Definition
| chloroplasts, protective cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| make up the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| form 2-layered membrane; hydrophobic parts of molecules stay away from water, whild hydrophilic portions remain surrounded by water |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior of phospholipids and most proteins; fluid because molecules can move freely past one another and mosaic because of the diversity of proteins that float like icebergs in the phospholipid sea |
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Term
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Definition
| most animal cells secrete this sticky coat that helps hold cells together in tissue, and it can also have protective and supporive functions |
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Definition
| surfaces of most cells contain these structures that connect them to other cells |
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Definition
| stretch of DNA that contains a code for the structure of a specific protein |
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Definition
| nucleus is bordered by this double membrane |
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Definition
| long DNA molecules and associated proteins form these long fibers within the nucleus |
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Definition
| ech long fiber (chromatin) constitutes one chromosome |
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Definition
| ball-like mass of fibers and granules inside the nucleus that produces the component parts of ribosomes |
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Definition
| responsible for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| includes the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi appartus, lysosomes, and vacuoles |
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Term
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| one of the main manufacturing facilities within a cell; produces an enormous variety of molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| ribosomes stud the outside of this portion of the ER; they produce two main types of proteins: membrane proteins and secretory proteins |
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Definition
| proteins the cell will actually export (secrete) to the fluid outside the cell |
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Definition
| membranous spheres that bud from the ER |
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Definition
| performs many functions, including the synthesis of lipids including steroids |
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Definition
| receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell |
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Definition
| "breakdown body"; a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| many cells engulf nutrients into these tiny cytoplasmic sacs |
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Term
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Definition
| membranous sacs that bud from the ER, golgi, or plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| found in plant cells; can account for more than hlf the volume of a mature cell; versatile - stores organic nutrients, absobs water, contains pigments attracting insects, and can also contain poisons to protect against animals |
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Term
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Definition
| unique to photosynthetic cells of plants and protists; the organelles the peform photsynthesis |
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Definition
| the sites of cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| harvests energy from sugars and ther food molecules and converts it into another form of chemical energy caeld ATP |
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Definition
| an infrastructure that is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm; functions in both support and movement |
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Term
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Definition
| propel the cell by an undulating whiplike motion |
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Term
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Definition
| generally shorter and more numerous than flagella, promote movement by a coordinated back-and-forth motion |
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Definition
| regulate the passage of materials into and out of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the tedency for melecules of any substance to spread out into the available space |
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Term
| how will substances diffuse? |
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Definition
| from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion across a membrane is an example of this; passive because the cell does not expend any energy for it to happen; membrne does play a regulatory role by being selectively permeable |
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Term
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Definition
| the passive transport of water across a selectively pereable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| the solution of water with a higher concentraion of solute |
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Term
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Definition
| the solution of water with the lower solute concentraion |
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Definition
| solutions of equal solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| the control of water balance |
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Definition
| the process of a plant cell losing water, and as it shrivels its plasm membrane pulling away from the cell wall |
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