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| A systematic method of research consisting of putting a hypothesis to a test designed to disprove it, if it is in fact false. |
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| Tentative explanation for an observation that requires testing to validate. |
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| Possible to evaluate through observations of the measureable universe. |
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| Not constrained by the laws of nature. |
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| Body of scientifically accepted general principles that explain natural phenomena. |
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| A logical process that argues from specific instances to a general conclusion. |
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| making a prediction about the outcome of a test. |
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| Result expected from a particular test of a hypothesis if the hypothesis were true. |
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| Factor other than the tested hypothesis that may explain observations. |
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| Information collected by scientists during hypothesis testing. |
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| A factor that varies in a population or over time. |
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| A factor whose value influences the value of the dependent variable but is not influenced by it. In experiments, the variable that is manipulated. |
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| The variable in a study that is expected to change in response to changes in the independent variable. |
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| Subject for an experiment who is similar to experimental subject except is not exposed to the experimental treatement. Used as baseline values for comparison. |
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| Placing individuals into experimental and control groups randomly to eliminate systematic differences between the groups. |
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| Sham treatments in experiments. |
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| Test in which subjects are not aware of exactly what they are predicted to experience. |
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| Influence of research participants opinions on experimental results. |
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| Experimental design protocol when both research subjects and scientists performing the measurements are unaware of either the experimental hypothesis or who is in the control or experimental group. |
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| Describes a relationship between two factors. |
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| The horizontal axis on a graph |
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| The vertical axis on a graph |
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| Specialized branch of mathematics used in the evaluation of experimental data. |
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| Small subgroup of a population used in an experimental test. |
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| Average value of a group of measurements |
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| Mathematical formulation that helps scientists evaluate whether the results of a single experiment demonstrate the effect of treatment. |
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| Statistically Significant |
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| Low probability that experimental groups differ simply by chance. |
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| Effect of chance on experimental results. |
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| Likelihood that something is the case or will happen. |
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| A measure of the variance of a sample; essentially the average distance a single data point is from the mean value for the sample. |
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| In statistics a range of values calculated to have given probability of containing the true population mean. |
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| Number of individuals in both the experimental and control groups. |
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| Article reporting research results, writeen by researches and reviewed by the scientific community. |
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| The process by which reports of scientific research are examined and critiqued by other researchers before they are published in scholarly journals. |
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| Books news media and advertisements as sources of scientific information. |
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| information based on one persons personal experience. |
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| All of the physical and chemical reactions that produce and use energy. |
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| The steady state condition an organism works to maintain. |
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| One molecule of water consists of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. |
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| A substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance. |
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| The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
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| A positively charged subatomic particle. |
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| An electrically neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom. |
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| A negatively charged subatomic particle. |
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| Cell structure that houses DNA; found in eukaryotes. |
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| The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Unique to each element this number is designated by a subscript to the left of the symbol for the element. |
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| Electrically charged atom. |
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| Describes a molecule with regions having different charges; capable of ionizing. |
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| The tendency to attract electrons to form a chemical bond. |
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| Wont dissolve in water. Hydrophobic |
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| A process by which one or more chemical substances is transformed into one or more different chemical substances. |
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| Any starting material in a chemical reaction |
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| The modified chemical that results from a chemical or enzymatic reaction. |
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| A type of weak chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom of another molecule. |
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| The tendency for molecules of the same material to stick together. |
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| Readily dissolving in water. |
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| A charged substance that ionizes in solution |
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| A substance that reduces the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
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| A logarithmic measure of the hydrogen ion concentration ranging from 014. Lower numbers indicate higher hydrogen ion concentration. |
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| Not able to dissolve in water. |
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| The chemistry of carboncontaining substances. |
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| An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom. |
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| The outermost energy shell of an atom containing the valence electrons which are most involved in the chemical reactions of the atom. |
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| A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons. |
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| A compound consisting of carbons and hydrogens. |
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| Any of the large molecules including polysaccharides proteins and nucleic acids composed of subunits joined by dehydration synthesis. |
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| Energyrich molecule that is the major source of energy for the cell. Consists of carbon hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio CH2O. |
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| A carbohydrate composed of three or more monosaccharides. |
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| Cellular constituents made of amino acids coded for by genes. Proteins can have structural transport or enzymatic roles. |
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| Protein that catalyzes and regulates the rate of metabolic reactions. |
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| Monomer subunit of a protein.,Contains an amino, a carboxyl, and a unique side group. |
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| Covalent bond that joins the amino group and carboxyl group of adjacent amino acids. |
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| hydrophobic molecule including fats phospholipids and steroids. |
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| Energy rich hydrophobic lipid molecule composed of a threecarbon glycerol skeleton bonded to three fatty acids. |
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| A long acidic chain of hydrocarbons bonded to glycerol.,Fatty acids vary on the basis of their length and on the number of placement of double bonds. |
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| Naturally occurring or synthetic organic fatsoluble substance that produces physiological effects. |
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| Building blocks of nucleic acids that include a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. |
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| Informationcarrying molecule composed of nucleotides. |
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| Molecule of heredity that stores the information required for making all the proteins required by the cell. |
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| Nitrogencontaining base found in DNA. |
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| The membrane that surrounds cells and organelles and is composed of two layers of phospholipids. |
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| The accepted model for how membranes are structured with proteins bobbing in a sea of phospholipids. |
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| In biological membranes, a membrane that allows some substances to pass but prohibits the passage of others. |
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| The entire contents of the cell (except the nucleus) surrounds by the plasma membrane. |
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| Organelles in which products of the digestive system are converted to ATP. |
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| An organelle found in plant cells that absorbs sunlight and uses the energy derived to produce sugars. |
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| A membranebounded sac of hydrolytic enzymes found int eh cytoplasm of many cells. |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| Ribosome studded subcellular membranes found in the cytoplasm and responsible for some protein synthesis. |
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| A network of membranes in eukaryotic cells. |
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| an organelle in eukaryotice cells consisting of flattened membranous sacs that modify and sort proteins and other substances. |
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| Subcellular structure that helps translate genetic material into proteins by anchoring and exposing small sequences of mRNA. |
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| A structure in snimal cells that helps anchor from microtubules bind. |
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| A group of individuals that regularly breed together and are generally distinct from other species in appearance and behavior. |
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| Nutrient required in large quantities |
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| Carbohydrate consisting of two or more monosaccharides. |
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| Any of the amino acids that humans cannot synthesize and thus must be obtained from the diet. |
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| Any of the fatty acids that animals cannot synthesize and must be obtained from the diet. |
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| Type of lipid rich in single bonds.,Found in butter and other fats that are solids at room temperature.,This type of fat is associated with higher blood cholesterol levels. |
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| Type of lipid containing many carbontocarbon double bonds; liquid at room temperature. |
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| Relating to fats consisting of carbon chains with many double bonds unsaturated by hydrogen atoms. |
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| Adding hydrogen gas under pressure to make liquid oils more solid. |
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| Contains unsaturated fatty acids that have been hydrogenated, which changes the fat from a liquid to a solid at room temperature. |
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| Substances such as vitamins that help enzymes catalyze chimcal reactions. |
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| Certain vitamins and other substances that protect the body from the damaging effects of free radicals. |
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| All of the physical and chemical reactions that produce and use energy. |
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| Protein that catalyzes and regulates the rate of metabolic reactions. |
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| To speed up the rate of a chemical reaction.,Enzymes are biological catalysts. |
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| The amount of energy that reactants in a chemical reaction must absorb before the reaction can start. |
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| The substance upon which an enzyme reacts. |
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| Substratebinding region of an enzyme. |
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| A change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds tightly to a substrate. |
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| Phenomenon of enzyme shape determining the reaction the enzyme catalyzes. |
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| inability to digest lactose resulting in bloating, gas, and diarrhea. |
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| The enzyme that cleaves the disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose.,Missing or deficient in people with lactose intolerance. |
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| Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1¬0C |
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| Measure of an individuals energy use. |
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| Resting energy use of an awake, alert person. |
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| A nucleotide composed of adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups that can be hydrolyzed to release energy.,Form of energy that cells can use. |
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| The spontaneous movement of substances from a region of their own high concentration to a region of their own high concentration to a region of their own low concentration. |
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| The diffusion of substances across a membrane with their concentration gradient and not requiring an input of ATP. |
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| The spontaneous passage of molecules, through membrane protreins, down their concentration gradient. |
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| The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
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| The ATPrequiring movement of substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient. |
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| The secretion of molecules from a cell via fusion of membranebounded vesicles with the plasma membrane. |
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| The uptake of substances into cells by a pinching inward of the plasma membrane. |
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| Calculation using height and weight to determine a number that correlates to an estimate of a persons amount of body fat with health risks. |
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| condition of having a BMI of 30 or greater. |
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| Disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by impaired ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin. |
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| A hormone secreted by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose by cells and the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver. |
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| Noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus |
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| Type of diabetes that does not require insulin injections, Type II. |
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| Force of blood on artery walls when heart is contracting. |
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| The lowest blood pressure in the arteries, occurring during diastole of the cardiac cycle. |
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| An acute condition, during which blood flow is blocked to a portion of the heart muscle, causing part of the muscle to be damaged or die. |
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| Acute condition caused by a blood clot that blocks blood flow to an organ or other region of the body. |
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| Cholesterol carrying substance in the blood that is high in cholesterol and low in protein. |
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| High Density Lipoproteins |
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| A cholesterolcarrying particle in the blood that is high protein and low in cholesterol. |
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| Binge eating followed purging. |
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| A condition resulting in an elevated risk of bone breakage from weakened bones. |
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