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| Latin – kind or appearance – groups that share biologically important attributes (genes and vartiation) in common and are distinct from other species. |
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| species are typified by some ideal form (immutable species suggested by Plato). But this is wrong because it conflicts with the fact that species evolve. |
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| morphospecies – recognized by physical form (morphology) Suggested by Carollus Linnaeus and what he used for his taxonomic categories. Still sued often today by making observations of organisms’ similarities and differences. The problem, however, is that individual variation may split a species into different phenotypes and be mistaken for two different species.(ex. Male/female wood duck) |
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A genetically distint group of natural populations that share a common gene pool and are reproductiviely isolated from all other such groups.
Suggested by Ernst Mayr – 1942 |
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| common phylogeny (evolutionary history/ genetic background) and reproductively compatible. |
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| interactions that occur between indivudals within the species level. |
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| interactions that occur between species. |
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| geographic region over which a species exists |
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| Anagenesis/Phyletic Speciation |
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| a gradual accumulation of changes over time |
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| when the original population becomes divided in some way |
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| the number of new species in a new environment |
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| population of some species exists in generally separate regions, but there is a small boundary |
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| a new species arising from a single interbreeding group or parent population resulting in genotypic alloptration without geographic separation |
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| in the production of gametes, an improper separation of sister chromatids or improper combinations of gametes resulting in instant evolution |
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| nondisjunction occurring within a single species |
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| nondisjunction occurring between species |
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| asexual reproduction of a new plant from existing ones |
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| species have different ecological requirements |
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| based on time frame/scale |
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| unique differences in display (visual, auditory, chemical) |
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| do not have compatible compulatory organs |
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| gametes of one in reproductive tract of another which will be hostile and kill the gamete |
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| the deposition of alleles between species |
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| Speciation by Adaptive Divergence |
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| populations in different locations have genotypic/allelic differences |
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| Speciation by Peak Shifts |
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| looks at adaptive divergence; peaks represent genetic equilibrium, valleys represent changes |
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| technique to produce geologic time scale; as sediment layers stratify, index fossils provide relative dating |
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| age in years for a particular rock and therefore the fossil in that layer of rock and therefore the fossil in that layer of rock; uses radioactive dating |
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| major geographical factor related to the distribution of life forms today |
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| when oceanic rifts shift, the rift opens, and magma wells from the mantle |
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| less dense plate goes under dense one back to the sea floor |
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| sea floor spreading combined with sublimation; factors affecting the earth that cause deformities |
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| rocky solid upmost layer (6 major and 12 minor plates); crust and upper mantle |
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| plastically mantle layer; hot; plates float on top |
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| Computerized Axial Topography |
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| used seismic measurements to see that crustal pieces hit magma, causing magma to be displaced in all directions |
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| one gigantic land mass; means “all lands” |
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| one giant ocean surrounding Pangaea |
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| prevailing theory that all mater in the universe formed from a large mass of dust |
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| the initial spores of life came to the Earth from another place in the universe |
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| spores were sent to Earth intentionally |
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| Abiogenesis/Abiogenetic Theory |
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| life arose from non-living matter |
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| undersea gysers; all kinds of unique life forms; sulfur compounds |
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| aggregates of ; can duplicate themselves 3-4 generations; can maintain body conditions; have a sort of metabolism; some form of excitability |
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| “minute droplets” form in certain solvents; don’t interact with one another; can assimilate material from surrounding medium; accumulates starch |
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| will form spontaneously when you have certain lipids; phospholipids will form a lipid bilayer; give indication as to how life arose |
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| one protobiont consumes another; forced to utilize other food sources |
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| autotrophic- can feed themselves |
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