Term
| The overall construction of Fungi |
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Definition
-Cell walls of chitin
-Single celled fungi are called yeasts
-haploid dominated life cycles with potentially huge underground mass
–These may be from any of the major phyla
-Multi-celled fungi grow filaments known as hyphae. Cells of hyphae usually separated by septa, walls with pores.
-The hyphae form dense networks called mycelia (singular mycelium)
-Some hyphae form haustoria, branching projections that push into living cells, usually of plants.
-The 'mushroom' is the fruiting body, usually representing a small fraction of the total mass of the fungus |
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Term
| The overall morphology of multicellular fungi enhances |
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Definition
| ability to absorb nutrients from surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
-specialized hyphae that allows them to penetrate tissues of their host
-some have hyphae divided into cells by septa with pores allowing cell to cell movement of materials |
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Definition
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Definition
-Decomposers (saprobes)
-Parasites (pathogens of plants and animals)
-Mutualistic (get some nutrition from host, provide some nutrition to host) |
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Definition
-Heterotrophs that feed by absorbtion
-Excrete exoenzymes that break down complex organic molecules
-Smaller molecules then absorbed into hyphae |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Fungi in the phylum Ascomycota
-defined by the production of sexual spores in saclike asci, which are usually contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps
-vary in size and complexity from unicellular yeasts to elaborate cup fungi and morels |
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Term
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Definition
Fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota
-Include mushrooms and shelf fungi
-defined by a clublike structure called a basidium = a transient diploid stage in the life cycle |
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Term
| Life cycle of basidiomycete |
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Definition
| -Usually includes a long-lived dikaryotic mycelium, which can erect its fruiting structure, a mushroom, in just a few hours |
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Term
| Importance of Fungi in ecosystems and human welfare |
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Definition
-Decomposers
-Mychorrizal associations
-Other symbiotic associations
-Pathogens
-Sources of medicine
-Bread, wine and beer, the staffs of life |
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Term
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Definition
-Are mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots
-Fungus aids plant’s ability to take up nutrients from soil while receiving some nutrients from plant.
-Come in two flavors; Endomycorrhizae: hyphae enter root and penetrate cell, Ectomycorrhizae: hyphae grow in close contact with root hairs |
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Term
| Importance of Mycorrhizae |
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Definition
increase plant productivity
-ex. experiment between 2 soy bean plants >>> one with mycorrhizae grew larger and healthier than the other |
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Term
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Definition
| -Some fungi share their digestive services with animals = Helping break down plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing mammals |
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Term
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Definition
-symbiotic association of millions of photosynthetic microorganisms held in a mass of fungal hyphae
-The fungal component of a lichen which is most often an ascomycete
-Algae or cyanobacteria occupy an inner layer below the lichen surface |
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Term
| 30% of known fungal species are |
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Definition
| parasites, mostly on or in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| Humans eat many fungi and use others to make cheeses, alcoholic beverages, and bread |
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Term
| Early Diverging Groups of Animals |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-radiate from center: any imaginary slice through central axis divides into mirror images
-ex. sea anemone |
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Term
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Definition
left and ride side, one imaginary cut divides animal into mirror-image halves
-A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side
-A right and left side
-Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends
-Cephalization, the development of a head |
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Term
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Definition
| collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranous layers |
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Term
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Definition
| germ layers including ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm |
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Definition
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Definition
have 3 germ layers
-may or may not have a body cavity |
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Term
| A true body cavity is called a |
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Definition
coelom
-body cavity lined by tissue derived from mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
body cavity derived from the blastocoel, rather than from the mesoderm
-body cavity only partially lined by tissue |
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Term
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Definition
organisms without body cavities
-ex. flatworms |
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Term
| Two developmental modes that animals can be categorized by |
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Definition
| protostome development, deuterostome development |
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Term
| Cleavage in protostome vs dueterostome development |
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Definition
-spiral and determinate in protostome
-radial and indeterminate in deuterostome |
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Term
| Coelom Formation in protostome vs deuterostome development. |
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Definition
-protostome: splitting of the initially solid masses of mesoderm to from the coelomic cavity is called schizocoelous development
-deuterostome: formation of the body cavity is described as enterocoelous development |
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Term
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Definition
-protostome: blastopore becomes mouth
-dueterostome: blastopore becomes the anus |
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Term
| Phylogenetic hypotheses for animals |
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Definition
hypothesis 1. based mainly on morphological and developmental comparisons
hypothesis 2. based mainly on molecular data
-(look at phylogenetic trees in lecture slides) |
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Term
| Points of Agreement between phylogenetic hypotheses |
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Definition
-all animals share a common ancestor
-sponges are basal animals
-Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues
-most animal ply belong to the clade Bilateria
-Vertebrates and some other phyla belong to the clade Deuterostomia |
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Term
| Disagreement over the Bilaterians |
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Definition
-the morphology-based tree divides the bilaterians into two clades: deuterostomes and protostomes
-Molecular studies general assign two sister taxa to the protostomes rather than one: the ecdysozoans and the lophotrochozoans |
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Term
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Definition
-shed their exoskeletons through a process called ecdysis
-anthropods and nematodes |
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Term
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Definition
-not united by a single shared-derived morphological character
-many have specialized feeding structure called a Iophophore |
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Term
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Definition
-are sessile and have a porous body and choanocytes
-are suspension feeders
-Sponges of the phylum Porifera live in both fresh and marine waters, and lack true tissues and organs |
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Term
| Porifera and Cnidaria represent |
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Definition
| some of the most basal groups |
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Term
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Definition
| capture food particles suspended in the water that passes through their body |
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Term
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Definition
flagellated collar cells
-generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| All animals except ____belong to the clade Eumetazoa (animals with true tissues) |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the oldest groups in the clade Eumetazoa |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-have radial symmetry
-carnivores, use tentacles to capture prey
-gastrovascular cavity
-have cnidocytes = in tentacles and function in defense and the capturing of the prey
-diversified into a wide range of both sessile and floating forms including jellies, corals, and hydras
-still exhibit a relatively simple diploblastic (two tissue layer) radial body plan consisting of a sac with a central digestive compartment, the gastrovascular cavity
-Single opening that functions as both mouth and anus |
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Term
| 4 major classes of Cnidaria |
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Definition
| -Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa |
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Term
| Two variations of Cnidarian body plan |
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Definition
sessile polyp and floating medusa
-many cnidarian life cycles contain both polyp and medusa stages |
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