Term
| First 3 billion years of earth's history its terrestrial surface was |
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Definition
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Term
| How many years ago did plants first move onto land? |
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Definition
-at least 475mya
-insects colonized land at roughly same time |
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Term
| 4 Challenges of Terrestrial Environment |
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Definition
-Desiccation
-Support
-Transport
-Reproduction |
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Term
| Closest relative of land plants |
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Definition
| Green algae called Charophyceans |
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Term
| 4 Morphological features that land plants share only with Charophyceans |
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Definition
-Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
-Peroxisome enzymes
-Structure of flagellated sperm
-Formulation of phragmoplast during cell division |
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Term
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Definition
-non-vascular plants (bryophytes)
-seedless vascular plants (pterophytes(ferns) and lycophytes)
-Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) |
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Term
| In all three bryophyte phyla |
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Definition
-Gametophytes are larger and longer-living than sporophytes
-Sporophytes grow out of gametophytes |
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Term
| Characteristics of Bryophytes |
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Definition
– Generally form ground-hugging carpets and are at most only a few cells thick
-The gametophytic stage dominates the life cycle and reproduction requires a film of water for motile gametes to navigate
-Sporophyte (2n) grows on gametophyte (n)
–Require a film of water for flagellated sperm to migrate from antheridia to archegonia
–Nearly all lack vascular tissue
-Lack roots
-3 Phyla = Liverwort, Hornwort, Moss
-Bryophytes and bryophyte-like plants were the prevalent vegetation during the first 100 million years of terrestrial plant evolution |
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Term
| Specific characteristics and functions of Sphagnum moss (aka peat moss/bogs) |
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Definition
-holds water
-bogs are both anaerobic and acidic
-used as soil amendment (helps sandy soils retain moisture) |
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Term
| Compressed, partially decayed peat moss can be harvested as |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-anaerobic and acidic
-preserve organic material |
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Term
| Characteristics of Vascular plants |
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Definition
transport tissue, roots, leaves, and structural support = great height growth and competition for light
-sporophyte dominates the life cycle |
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Term
| Ferns and other seedless vascular plants formed the first forests and dominated during |
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Definition
| Carboniferous Period (359mya-299mya) |
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Term
| Transport structures of plants |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-conducts most of the water and minerals
-includes dead cells called tracheids
-cell walls strengthened with lignin |
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Term
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Definition
-distributes sugars, amino acids, other org products
-consists of living cells |
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Term
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Definition
–Anchor vascular plants
–Enable vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil |
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Term
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Definition
| increase surface area = more light captured for photosynthesis |
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Term
| 2 Phyla's of seedless vascular plants |
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Definition
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Term
| All seedless vascular and non vascular plants grow in what environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| General characteristics of Seed plants |
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Definition
-Zygotes develop on and are nourished by maternal plant
-Feed the World
-Can be divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms |
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Term
| Shared-derived characteristics of seed plants |
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Definition
–Reduced gametophytes produced within sporophyte
–Pollen (male gametophyte) eliminates the requirement of water to achieve fertilization
-Ovules (female gametophyte)>>>fertilized ovule becomes seed |
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Term
| Evolutionary Advantage of Seeds |
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Definition
–Develops from the whole ovule
–Is a sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat |
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Term
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Definition
| -bear 'naked' ovules, typically on cones |
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Term
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Definition
-Cycadophyta
-Gingkophyta
-Gnetophyta
-Coniferophyta |
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Term
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Definition
–Are commonly known as flowering plants
-Are seed plants that produce the reproductive structures called flowers which mature into fruits
–Are the most widespread and diverse of all plants
-dominate modern earth's flora |
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Term
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Definition
| -specialized shoot with modified leaves |
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Term
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Definition
-Sepals, which enclose the flower
-Petals, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators
-Stamens, which produce pollen
-Carpels, which produce ovules |
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Term
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Definition
-consist of a mature ovary
-Can be carried by wind, water,or animals to new locations, enhancing seed dispersal |
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Term
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Definition
-originated 140mya
-during late mesozoic (dinosaurs) the major branches of the clade diverged from their common ancestor |
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Term
| Co-Evolution between Angiosperms and Animals |
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Definition
| -Pollination of flowers and seed dispersal by animals = important relationships in terrestrial ecosystems |
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Term
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Definition
| independent gametophytes and motile, water - requiring sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| completely enclosed in the angiosperm flower |
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Term
| Floral diversity reflects |
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Definition
| adaptation to different pollinators |
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Term
| Chemical diversity arose for |
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Definition
| defense against (insect) herbivores and is now of huge medical importance |
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Term
| Products from Seed plants used by humans |
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Definition
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