Term
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Definition
| an assemblage of interacting species |
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Term
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Definition
| Clements; a community is an assemblage of closely linked species, locked into association by mandatory biotic interactions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An upper class son of a doctor who dropped out of medical school |
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Term
| Blending inheritance contradicts Natural Selection because... |
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Definition
| It would decrease variation |
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Term
| evolution in the scientific sense |
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Definition
| severe winter storm kills many sparrows and immediately afterwards there is a change in the average size of the sparrow population because more small birds died |
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Term
| Why would a dinosaur have feathers, if it could not fly |
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Definition
| Thermoregulation, nesting (keep eggs warm), color (attract mate, camouflage) |
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Term
| What is a reasonable hypothesis for why Aussies (0.8) and Finns (0.78) have higher heritability of height than Chinese (0.65) and Africans (0.65)? |
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Definition
| There is more environmental variation contributing to height in Chinese and Africans (they have a lower heritability |
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Term
| Why don’t finches all have bigger and bigger and bigger bills? |
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Definition
| The environment is constantly changing |
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Term
| If avg mortality = minimum mortality then phenotypes have… |
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Definition
| An equal probability of surviving |
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Term
| Natural selection changes allele frequencies because some _____ survive and reproduce more successfully than others |
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Definition
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Term
| Which would maintain or increase variation within a population |
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Definition
| Negative frequency dependent selection |
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Term
| Common ancestors of birds and mammals had 3 chambered hearts, but birds and mammals have 4 chambered hearts. This is described as… |
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Definition
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Term
| What defines more closely related species? |
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Definition
| They have a more recent common ancestor |
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Term
| The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is a _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Herbivorous insect diverging into different “races” on different host plants. If reproductive isolation was a byproduct of adaptation to a new environment… |
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Definition
| Herbivore populations on different host species would be more reproductively isolated than herbivore populations on the same host species |
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Term
| Any population with a _______value of r will grow exponentially |
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Definition
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Term
| dN/dt = rmax N(K-N)/K population growth is zero when |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would species diversity in the intertidal decrease when Pisaster was removed? |
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Definition
| Pisaster predation kept superior competitors in check |
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Term
| If the earth’s axis of rotation suddenly lost its tilt, the most predictable effect would be |
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Definition
| A loss of seasonal variation at high altitudes |
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Term
| How would El Nino effect fishing off coast of Ecuador & Peru? |
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Definition
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Term
| If El Nino decreases fish catch off the coast of Ecuador & Peru this would be an example of… |
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Definition
| Bottom up (Nutrients control the fish population) |
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Term
| What has the greatest effect on the rate of biogeochemical cycling in an ecosystem? |
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Definition
| The rate of decomposition |
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Term
| Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification? |
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Definition
| Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risks to top-level predators than to primary consumers |
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Term
| The polar regions are warming more dramatically than elsewhere? Why? |
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Definition
| Because of the melting snow and ice, reflectance of solar radiation is less |
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Term
| Why would environmental corridors be a solution to problems caused by habitat fragmentation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of an ultimate cause for the timing of mating behavior of lizards? |
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Definition
| Eggs that hatch in June have a higher chance of survival than eggs that hatch later because of the prevalence of predators later in the season |
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Term
| Which mating system would have the least amount of sexual dimorphism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would be a prediction of Hamilton’s rule? |
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Definition
1. Altruistic behavior should increase the reproductive success of the recipient
2. Altruistic behaviors are more likely when giver and recipient are closely related
3. Cost to helper should be low |
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Term
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Definition
| Gleason; communities are loosely organized associations of independently distributed species with the same abiotic requirements |
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Term
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Definition
| Earth as a “super organism” organisms and atmosphere tightly coupled in feedback loops that keep the planet habitable (modern version of individual hypothesis) |
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Term
| Interspecific competition |
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Definition
| different species compete for a particular resource that is in short supply |
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Term
| competitive exclusion principle |
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Definition
| two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism’s ecological role is the sum total of its biotic and abiotic interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| space that the organism could occupy in the absence of biotic interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| the space the organism actually occupies |
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Term
| Combination of ecological niche & competitive exclusion |
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Definition
| Two species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical |
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Term
|
Definition
| the differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for characters to be more divergent in sympatric populations than in allopatric |
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Term
| ways Prey avoid predation (4) |
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Definition
1.Cryptic coloration or camouflage
2.Aposematic coloration (warning)
3. Batesian mimicry (harmless imitates harmful)
4. Mullerian mimicry (two+ harmful resemble each other) |
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Term
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Definition
| harmless prey imitates harmful prey |
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Term
|
Definition
| two+ harmful prey resemble each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which an animal eats parts of a plant |
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Term
|
Definition
1.Mechanical (e.g. spines, trichromes)
2.Chemical (e.g. caffeine, cannabinoids in marijuana, nicotine) |
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Term
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Definition
| one organism, the parasite, derives its nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process |
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Term
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Definition
| always insects, adult lays egg in/on host, immature parasitoid feeds on host and always kills it, adult free living |
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Term
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Definition
| parasitoid of the parasitoid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1 egg undergoes asexual division – gives rise to thousands of adults |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one species benefits and the other is not affected |
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Term
| Two components of species diversity |
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Definition
1. Species richness: the number of species
2. Relative abundance of species: evenness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Relative abundance of species |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most abundant or has a large biomass |
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Term
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Definition
| important because of their role |
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Term
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Definition
| “ecosystem engineers” exert their influence by causing changes to the environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| feeding relationships within a structure |
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Term
|
Definition
(primary producers) – synthesize their own food
e.g: photosynthetic & chemosynthetic |
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Term
|
Definition
| create organic molecules (nutrition) from energy from the sun |
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Term
|
Definition
| create organic molecules (nutrition) from other inorganic substances |
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Term
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Definition
obtain nutrition from eating other organisms
1. Primary consumers
2. Secondary consumers
3. Tertiary consumers
4. Decomposers |
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Term
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Decomposers |
|
Definition
herbivores
carnivores
carnivores of carnivores
eat detritus (dead stuff) |
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Term
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Definition
| link the trophic levels from producers to top carnivores |
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Term
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Definition
| a branching food chain with complex trophic interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| model of community organization where abiotic nutrients are the primary determinant of community structure |
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Term
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Definition
control comes from the trophic level above
Effects vary with length of food chain; effect alternates with trophic level |
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Term
| Mesopredator release hypothesis |
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Definition
| “the enemy of my enemy is my friend” – e.g. coyotes eat cats, which eat birds – if few/no coyotes, then birds get eaten by cats |
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Term
|
Definition
| any event that changes a community (fire, storm, landslide, etc) |
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Term
| intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
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Definition
| greatest species diversity with moderate disturbance |
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Term
Ecological succession
(def, 2 types, 3 models) |
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Definition
the sequence of community and ecosystem change after a disturbance
2 types: primary, secondary
3 models: facilitation, inhibition, tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| no soil exist when succession begins |
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Term
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Definition
| soil remains after a disturbance |
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Term
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Definition
| early arriving species may facilitate the appearance of later species by making the environment more favorable |
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Term
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Definition
| early arriving species may inhibit establishment of later species |
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Term
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Definition
| early arriving species have no impact on later arriving species |
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Term
| Patterns of species diversity (2) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
species richness generally declines along an equatorial –polar (latitudinal) gradient
(due to AGE and CLIMATE) |
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Term
|
Definition
| longest/shortest days of the year |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
high temp in tropics –evaporation;
warm wet air rises, cools, rains in tropics;
dry air pushed towards poles;
cooler air sinks, warms- subtropical deserts |
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Term
|
Definition
| earth rotates, land at equator moves faster than poles. Deflects wind east/west |
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Term
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Definition
| mountains force moisture out of clouds (windward side has rain/ leeward side is arid) |
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Term
| La Nina (Normal conditions) |
|
Definition
equatorial current moves westward delivering warm water and rain to equatorial Asia
-surface water pushed toward Asia & upwelling in S. Am |
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Term
|
Definition
equatorial current reverses, delivering warm water and rain to S. America and drought to Asia
-water pushed toward S. Am so decrease in nutrients in S. Am (upwelling in Asia) |
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Term
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Definition
| all the organisms living in a community and all the abiotic factors with which they interact |
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Term
|
Definition
| amount of light energy converted into chemical energy by autotrophs (per unit time) |
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Term
| Gross primary production (GPP) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Net primary production (NPP) |
|
Definition
gross primary production minus energy used by producers for cellular respiration (maintenance)
NPP = GPP – R |
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Term
|
Definition
| total biomass of autotrophs |
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Term
|
Definition
| nutrients in photic zone consumed by phytoplankton, dead sink to bottom, water moves away from shore by wind: deep nutrient rich water moves to surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ocean is blue instead of green because of low nutrients, and less productivity |
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Term
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Definition
| that which must be increased to increase productivity |
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Term
| limiting factor in oceans |
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Definition
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Term
| limiting factor in freshwater |
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Definition
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Term
| limiting factors - terrestrial (3) |
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Definition
| Temperature, moisture, and nutrients |
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Term
| Actual evapotranspiration |
|
Definition
| the amount of water transpired by plants and evaporated through the landscape |
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Term
|
Definition
| all the growth and reproduction by consumers |
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Term
|
Definition
| fraction of assimilated energy (food ) used for secondary production (growth) |
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Term
| production efficiency verbal equation |
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Definition
| energy for biomass (secondary prod) / Energy for biomass + cellular resp. |
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Term
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Definition
| internal thermal regulation (e.g birds: 1-3% productive efficiency) |
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Term
|
Definition
| warm up externally (e.g. fish: 10% productive efficiency; insects: 40% productive efficiency) |
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Term
|
Definition
| percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| size of block is proportional to the net production |
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Term
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Definition
| Illustrates loss of biomass w/ each transfer from one trophic level to the next |
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Term
| what is special about the Aquatic pyramid of biomass |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| WHY ARE FOOD CHAINS SO SHORT? |
|
Definition
dynamic stability hypothesis;
energetic hypothesis |
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Term
| Dynamic stability hypothesis |
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Definition
| longer food chains have too many links to be stable |
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Term
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Definition
| trophic efficiencies – not enough energy, too much is lost |
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Term
|
Definition
limits to herbivore abundance:
1. Plant defenses
2. Nutrients, NOT energy supply limit herbivores
3. Abiotic factors
4. Intraspecific competition
5. Natural enemies |
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Term
|
Definition
| biotic & abiotic processes move nutrients between organic and inorganic parts of the ecosystem |
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Term
| water cycle key processes (all driven by solar energy) |
|
Definition
1. evaporation
2. condensation
3. precipitation |
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Term
| carbon cycle key processes |
|
Definition
1. *photosynthesis
2. cellular respiration
3. burning of fossil fuels |
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Term
| nitrogen cycle key processes |
|
Definition
1. *nitrogen fixation by bacteria converts atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use
2. Plant uptake
3. Consumers use organic nitrogen
4. Decomposers recycle |
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Term
| Phosphorous cycle key processes |
|
Definition
1. *Rocks weathering
2. Plant uptake
3. Consumption
4. Decomposition |
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|
Term
| Decomposition rate depends on.... |
|
Definition
temperature
- Low temp – slow decomposition – most nutrients remain in soil
- High temp – fast decomposition – most nutrients in the plants |
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Term
| Critical load (in nutrient enrichment) |
|
Definition
| amount of nutrient that can be absorbed by plants |
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Term
| Where do nutrients come from? |
|
Definition
1. Nutrient addition
2. Agricultural fertilizer
3. Runoff from animal feedlots, pastures, range
4. Storm drains (lawn fertilizers, pet waste)
5. Sewage spills |
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Term
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Definition
| increase productivity as a result of an increase in nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
| areas of low oxygen in the world’s oceans (same as eutrophication except it is ocean) |
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Term
|
Definition
| toxins concentrate at higher trophic levels – has a larger effect on lower biomasses |
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Term
| Atmospheric greenhouse effect |
|
Definition
| solar radiation hits the earth and is reemitted as IR radiation (heat) - Greenhouse gases trap some of the heat |
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|
Term
| Most important greenhouse gases |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| measure CO2 in atmosphere over 50 years |
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|
Term
| Proxy data (evidence temperatures are rising) |
|
Definition
information about temp from any other data than thermometers
1. Ice cores
2. Tree rings
3. Historical records |
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Term
| Effects of global warmin on humans |
|
Definition
1. Rising sea levels
2. Melting glaciers |
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Term
| Effects of global warming on natural systems |
|
Definition
1. Change in distribution (problem due to fragmented habitats)
2. Changes in synchrony (timing of species that interact) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Genetic diversity (allows populations to evolve)
2. Species diversity
3. Ecosystem diversity (other 2 types depend on difference in habitats) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the scientific study of how to preserve the diversity of life |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Purification of air and water
2. Decomposition of wastes
3. Cycling of nutrients
4. Moderation of weather extremes
5. Pollination |
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Term
|
Definition
making habitat unfit for non domesticated species.
the single greatest threat to biodiversity |
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Term
|
Definition
natural landscapes broken into small patches
(some species require large area, edge effects, small pop size) |
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Term
| Habitat fragmentation leads to smaller population sizes.. |
|
Definition
(loss of genetic variation – genetic drift)
Inbreeding: mating among close relatives
Inbreeding depression: inbred individuals have lower fitness because of increased HOMOZYGOSITY |
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Term
| The extinction vortex (positive feedback loop) SOLUTIONS |
|
Definition
Solution 1 – gene flow
Solution 2 – environmental corridors: connection between isolated habitats |
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Term
|
Definition
population of populations, linked by migration (buffer against extinction)
result of environmental corridors |
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Term
| Introduced species (exotics) |
|
Definition
| species that humans have moved from the native location to new geographic regions |
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Term
| Why introduced species are a problem |
|
Definition
1. Outcompete natives
2. Predators against natives with no defense
3. Introduced without their own natural enemies |
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Term
|
Definition
| the human harvesting of wild plants or animals at rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound |
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Term
|
Definition
- Contain many endemic species (native only to that place)
- Many endangered and threatened species |
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Term
|
Definition
| any trace of organism that lived in the past form in sedimentary rock |
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Term
|
Definition
| no morphological change over very long time periods. No close living relatives |
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Term
|
Definition
| extinctions that occur at normal rate |
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Term
|
Definition
| large percentage of species go extinct within a short period of time |
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Term
|
Definition
| relative vs absolute ages |
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|
Term
| absolute ages determined by... |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| varieties of an element with different mass # (different number of neutrons) |
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Term
|
Definition
| unstable, decay spontaneously to a different element/isotope |
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Term
|
Definition
| amount of time for ½ of parent isotope to decay into daughter isotope |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 major events in Precambrian period |
|
Definition
1. oxygen concentration increased
2. Eukaryotes
3. Multicellularity |
|
|
Term
| How did Eukaryotes emerge? |
|
Definition
Endosymbiosis theory: mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cell
Primary endosymbiosis: protoeukaryote engulfed another cell, each gained something from the other
Secondary endosymbiosis: second engulfing of red/green algae |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cambrian period main event |
|
Definition
| Cambrian explosion: diversification of marine animals |
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|
Term
| Ordovician period main events (3) |
|
Definition
1. Diverse marine mammals
2. Early vertibrates diversify
3. Colonization by plants (spores) |
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Term
| Silurian period main event |
|
Definition
| Terrestrial, vascular plants |
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|
Term
| Devonian period main events (2) |
|
Definition
1. 1st terrestrial arthropods
2. 1st tetrapods (land living vertebrates) |
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|
Term
| Carboniferous period main events (2) |
|
Definition
1. Abundant giant tree ferns
2. Amniotic egg |
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Term
| Permian period main event |
|
Definition
| Ended with mass extinction (volcano) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- “age of dinosaurs”
- Shift from fern like plants to gymnosperms (plants with seeds) & angiosperms (flowering plants)
- Mesozoic mammals coexisted with dinosaurs |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Triassic
2. Jurassic
3. Cretaceous |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Cambrian
2. Ordovician
3. Silurian
4. Devonian
5. Carboniferous
6. Permian |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Pleistocene (Earliest homo sapiens)
2. Holocene (10000 years – present) |
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|
Term
| Evidence for Continental drift |
|
Definition
Shapes match
Plants & animals match
Rocks match
Ice matches |
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Term
|
Definition
| mechanism for continental drift |
|
|
Term
| Proximate cause (behavior) |
|
Definition
| the immediate stimulus and mechanism for the behavior (HOW) |
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|
Term
| Ultimate cause (behavior) |
|
Definition
| How the behavior contributes to survival and reproduction (WHY) |
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Term
|
Definition
| difference between sexes in traits NOT directly required for reproduction (size, color, behavior, etc) |
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Term
|
Definition
| differential reproductive success due to variation among phenotypes in mating |
|
|
Term
| How can sexual selection explain sexual dimorphism |
|
Definition
| parental investment in reproduction |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| gametes of each egg are different sizes (“sperm is cheap, eggs are expensive”) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Energetic cost of reproduction in males is low
2. Males reproductive success limited by number of mates, not sperm production
3. Females reproductive success is limited by egg production, not number of mates
4. Therefore males should compete for mates ; females should be choosy about mates |
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Term
|
Definition
| (intrasexual selection) - leads to large size, antlers in males |
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|
Term
| Female choice – why do females choose what they choose |
|
Definition
1. Acquisition of resources
2. Good genes hypothesis
3. Runaway selection |
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Term
|
Definition
| Females receive nuptial gift from males |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Females choose mate b/c they are genetically superior, offspring will have greater fitness |
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Term
|
Definition
| Arbitrary trait (not an honest indicator of genetic quality) spreads through a population |
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Term
|
Definition
one male and one female mate
- Both parents provide care
- Prediction: little or no sexual dimorphism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(type of polygamy)
one male mates with multiple females
- females provide most parental care
- prediction: sexual dimorphism – males compete and are ornamented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one female mates with multiple males
- males provide most parental care
- prediction: sexual dimorphism – females compete and are ornamented |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| behavior that decreases one’s own reproduction but increases the reproduction of another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contribution of other individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of natural selection that acts through benefit to relatives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contribution an individual makes to the next generation’s gene pool (1) from it’s own offspring & (2) from close relatives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Altruism can evolve when rB>c |
|
|
Term
| Predictions of Hamilton’s rule |
|
Definition
1. altruistic behavior should increase reproductive success of recipient (B)
2. Altruistic behaviors are more likely when giver and recipient are closely related (r)
3. Cost to helper should be low (c) |
|
|
Term
| all organisms face _______ in order to allocate finite resources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| evolution is different from _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mutation doesn't cause ________ but it is necessary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organisms that look alike aren't necessarily more closely related |
|
Definition
| ex: birds and crocodiles are more closely related (share a more recent common ancestor) than crocodiles and lizards |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of sympatric speciation |
|
Definition
1. Habitat differentiation (ex: apple maggot fly has strong association with host plant)
2. polyploid (organism with >2 copies of chromosomes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rapid speciation of a single lineage to fill ecological niches
(common for isolated ecosystems.. e.g. islands) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
the relative number of individuals at each age
-affects a country's future growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternative forms of a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproductive isolation occurs because populations are geographically separated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
natural selection imposed by humans for a specific goal (e.g. breeding of crops or animals)
ex: cauliflower from wild cabbage plant |
|
|
Term
| biological species concept |
|
Definition
| species is a group whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the maximum population size the environment can support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
individuals aggregate in patches
ex:wolves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
independent evolution of the same character in 2 or more species
-selection (enviroment)
-random (ex: DNA sequences) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paleontology: catastrophism, earth's biota has changed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of population growth |
|
|
Term
| density dependent factors |
|
Definition
| birth and or death rates change with density |
|
|
Term
| density independent factors |
|
Definition
affect population independent of its density
ex: disturbance, landslide, fire, etc |
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Term
| descent with modification |
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Definition
| all organisms evolved from a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
similarities during development despite differences in adults
ex: vertebrate embryos have tail remnants |
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Term
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Definition
the extreme phenotype is most fit.
WILL change population mean
will DECREASE variation
ex: fishing for pink salmon |
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Term
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Definition
two extreme phenotypes are more fit than intermediate phenotypes
will NOT change population mean
will INCREASE variation
ex: seedcrackers are polymorphic for bill size - specialize on large or small seeds |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| factors that favor iteroparity |
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Definition
-unpredictable environments
-low probability that any one offspring will survive
-low probability that adults will live to reproduce again |
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Term
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Definition
| contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the generation, relative to the contribution of other individuals |
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Term
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Definition
any trace of an organism that lived in the past
ex: irish elk proved extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| small number of individuals start a new population |
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Term
| frequency dependent selection |
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Definition
| fitness of phenotype depends on the phenotype frequencies in the population |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| functional unit of heredity |
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Term
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Definition
movement of alleles between populations
ex: blue tits -
island: nest in sync w/ tree leafing on poor host
mainland: nest in sync on good host but out of sync on poor host b/c of gene flow |
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Term
| gene flow is a ________ force |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a reduction in population size to a low enough level for a long enough time that allele frequencies change randomly |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in the genetic composition of a population caused by chance events |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic composition of the organism |
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Term
| Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium principle |
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Definition
Null model.
1. if allele frequencies are p & q, genotype frequencies are p2, 2pq, & q2
2. allele frequency will not change from generation to generation unless something changes them |
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Term
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Definition
proportion of variation in a trait that is genetic
heritability = genetic/phenotypic
(b/w 0-1) |
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Term
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Definition
| different alleles at a locus |
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Term
| Homologies can be ______ or ________ |
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Definition
ancestral (orginated in ancestor)
OR
derived (unique to clade) |
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Term
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Definition
character shared between two or more species that was NOT present in common ancestor.
due to convergent evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| same 2 alleles at a locus |
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Term
| How does evolution happen? |
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Definition
1. individuals vary
2. variation is heritable
3. individuals with certain traits survive longer and reproduce more (natural selection) |
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Term
| how to measure population density |
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Definition
1. count
2. count then extrapolate
3. proxy (nest, damage, droppings)
4. mark-recapture |
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Term
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Definition
Geology: Gradualism (big changes occur through gradual processes)
Uniformitarianism (same geologic processes operated in the past as today) |
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Term
| HW equilibrium assumptions |
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Definition
1. no selection
2. mating is random
3. population is large enough that there are no chance events (genetic drift)
4. No gene flow from outside populations
5. No mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| group of taxa that are of interest, assumed to be monophyletic |
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Term
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Definition
repeated reproduction
produce fewer well provisioned offspring & do so repeatedly over time |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolution: mechanism = inheritance of acquired characteristics; use disuse |
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Term
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Definition
| fossils in one region are similar to extant oranisms in that same region |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of age specific survival and reproduction of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| age specific summary of the survival pattern of a population |
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Term
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Definition
Classification: hierarchical categories
two part names |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| genetic change over time at the species level or higher |
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Term
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Definition
| Economics: population growth is faster than increase in food production -- lead to famine |
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Term
| mark-recapture assumptions |
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Definition
1. marked & unmarked individuals have the same probability of being captured
2. marked organisms mix completely back into the population
3. no individuals are born, die, immigrate, or emigrate during the re-sampling interval |
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Term
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Definition
| finds the most likely tree given a certain model of DNA change; assumes equal rates of DNA change |
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Term
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Definition
groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration
(can be a buffer against extinction of populations) |
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Term
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Definition
| change in genetic composition (allele frequency) of a population over time |
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Term
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Definition
| way of estimating absolute age of evolutionary change - species divergence |
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Term
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Definition
similarities at the molecular level
ex: genetic code - same codons specify same amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| contains common ancestors and all descendents |
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Term
|
Definition
species defined by morphological traits
-used by paleontologists to define fossils |
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Term
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Definition
| change in genetic material of an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| differential survival and reproduction of phenotypes |
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Term
| negative frequency dependent selection |
|
Definition
fitness decreases with frequency.
ex: cichlid fish - mouth twisted to left or right
ex2: side blotched lizards/rock paper scissors
ex3: evolution of sex ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| branching point of a phylogenetic tree; represents a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more taxa assumed to be phylogenetically outside the ingroup |
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Term
|
Definition
| can distinguish between ancestral and derived character states |
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Term
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Definition
| contains common ancestor and some but not all descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| principle for developing phylogenies. tree with fewest evolutionary changes is correct |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristic of an organism due to both genes and the environment |
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Term
| phylogenetic species concept |
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Definition
| set of organisms with unique genetic history |
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Term
| Phylogenies are useful because... |
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Definition
1. Shows how an ecologically important trait has evolved
2. solves crime |
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Term
|
Definition
evolutionary history of a group of species
(Phylogenetic tree - picture of that history) |
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Term
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Definition
| taxa with different recent ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| group of individuals from the same species that live in the same area and have the potential to mate |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of individuals per unit area |
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Term
| population growth equations |
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Definition
dN/dt = (b-d)N = rN
Nt=Noert |
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Term
| populations can change in size through |
|
Definition
birth
death
emigration
immigration |
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Term
| positive frequency dependent selection |
|
Definition
fitness increases with frequency.
ex: yellow jackets' warning colors |
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Term
|
Definition
mating occurs but offspring not viable or fertile
ex: donkey + horse = mule (sterile) |
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Term
|
Definition
individuals never mate
ex: 2 species of green lacewings that are morphologically indistinguishable but sing different songs |
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Term
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Definition
| formal study of the laws of chance (b/w 0-1) |
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Term
| problem with morphospecies concept |
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Definition
| cryptic species (morphologically identical but genetically distinct) |
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Term
| problems with biological species concept |
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Definition
1. mating/lack of mating can be hard to see
2. ability to mate vs likelihood of mating
3. cannot be applied to fossils
4. cannot be applied to asexual organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| position of each individual is independent of other organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| barriers that prevent different species from producing viable offspring |
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Term
| reproductive isolation as a byproduct |
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Definition
| ex: beetles look like caterpillar frass |
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Term
| reproductive isolation as an adaptation (reinforcement) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
"big bang" reproduction
produce many offspring once and die
offspring not well provisioned
Edit Card
Card Frontsemelparity
Card Back"big bang" reproduction produce many offspring once and die offspring not well provisioned |
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Term
|
Definition
"reshuffles the deck" - creates new genetic combinations
1. crossing over
2. independent assortment (whether a gamete gets maternal or paternal copy of chromosome is random)
3. fertilization - combines genes from different individuals |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 taxa tha derive from immediate common ancestor (each other's closest relative) |
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Term
|
Definition
mutation &
sexual recombination |
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Term
|
Definition
| divergence of lineage to create new species |
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Term
|
Definition
| size is proportional to the number of described species in the higher taxon it represents |
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Term
|
Definition
intermediate phenotypes are most fit.
will NOT change the population mean
will DECREASE variation
ex: humna birth weight
ex2: female fly lays eggs on goldenrod & forms galls - large galls predated by birds, small galls by wasps |
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Term
|
Definition
similarity due to inheritance of traits from a common ancestor
ex: mammalian forelimbs |
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Term
|
Definition
| way to express survival information graphically |
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Term
|
Definition
| speciation in geographically overlapping populations |
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Term
|
Definition
| shared derived homologies |
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Term
|
Definition
| those who study the evoltionary relationships among organisms |
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Term
| transitional forms ("missing link") |
|
Definition
organisms have characteristics of both extinct and extant forms
ex: tiktaalik (transition b/w aquatic & land dwelling).
NOT NECESSARILY AN ANCESTOR OF MODERN FORM - can be on extinct side |
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Term
| type I survivorship curve |
|
Definition
survivorship is high for young/middle aged; low for old
ex: humans |
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|
Term
| type II survivorship curve |
|
Definition
equal rate of survivorship
ex: squirrels |
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Term
| type III survivorship curve |
|
Definition
survivorship is low for young/middle aged
ex: oysters |
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Term
| types of density dependent population regulation |
|
Definition
1. intraspecific competition for resources - as density increases, individual reproduction decreases
2. density dependent predation - ex: trout preferentially prey on most abundant insect in stream
3. territoriality - ex: cheetahs
4. density dependent disease spread - ex: TB spreads in densely populated aread
5. Wastes - ex: wine: alcohol byproduct of yeast fermentation.
6. Intrinsic factors - ex: mice decrease reproductive rates in crowded pop... aggressive interactions |
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Term
|
Definition
individuals are evenly distributed
ex: penguins |
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Term
|
Definition
functionless or rudimentary organs in one species that are useful in another species.
ex: blind cave tetra w/ eye
ex2: flightless birds w/ wings
ex3: goosebumps and wisdom teeth in humans |
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Term
|
Definition
| observed variation within and between species & described process of evolution by natural selection |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
N=n1n2/m
N= population size
n1= number of species captured in the first group
n2= number of species captured in the second group
m= number of species recaptured in the second group |
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Term
|
Definition
| small population -> inbreeding and random genetic drift -> decrease in variation -> decrease in fitness -> lower reproduction and higher mortality -> smaller population |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| precambrian explosion- explosion of diversity, jaws and joints |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Tiktaalik, tetrapods, animals walk on land |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| K/T boundary, dinosaurs extinct |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| first homosapiens (relatively, humans have not been here that long) |
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Term
|
Definition
| cave paintings and human art |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| mass extinction of the mega fauna due homosapiens appearance in North America |
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|
Term
| mnemonic for Hardy Weinberg assumptions |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. allele frequencies in small populations are different from the original population
2. each small population is different from other small population
3. alleles with the lowest frequency in the original population have the highest chance of loss and vice versa
4. all alleles have some chance of being lost
5. small populations can have a rare allele |
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|
Term
| _______ is a homogenizing force |
|
Definition
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