Term
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Definition
The father of painting.
The first one to break away from Byzantine style.
Very realistic paintings. (3D modeling of figures)
Moved away from rich and shiny surfaces and moved towards the sense of depth in paintings by the use of light and dark.
Imitates nature.
Belonged to the Florence school.
Madonna enthroned with child, angels, and saints.
Great sense of weight and volume.
No gold on drapery.
Mary is in a baldachin (a canopy that has a throne + altar).
Hierarchical style- Mary is at the top, meaning she is better than the rest.
Very realistic.
Mary’s shape of the body is clearer.
The lamentation (1305)
Shows humanization of religious figures.
Shows the modeling of figures through the use of different tonalities of color.
The lamentation (1305)
Shows humanization of religious figures.
Shows the modeling of figures through the use of different tonalities of color.
Madonna enthroned with child, angels, and saints.
Great sense of weight and volume.
No gold on drapery.
Mary is in a baldachin (a canopy that has a throne + altar).
Hierarchical style- Mary is at the top, meaning she is better than the rest.
Very realistic.
Mary’s shape of the body is clearer.
The lamentation (1305)
Shows humanization of religious figures.
Shows the modeling of figures through the use of different tonalities of color. |
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Term
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Definition
The father of painting.
The first one to break away from Byzantine style.
Very realistic paintings. (3D modeling of figures)
Moved away from rich and shiny surfaces and moved towards the sense of depth in paintings by the use of light and dark.
Imitates nature.
Belonged to the Florence school.
Madonna enthroned with child, angels, and saints.
Great sense of weight and volume.
No gold on drapery.
Mary is in a baldachin (a canopy that has a throne + altar).
Hierarchical style- Mary is at the top, meaning she is better than the rest.
Very realistic.
Mary’s shape of the body is clearer.
The lamentation (1305)
Shows humanization of religious figures.
Shows the modeling of figures through the use of different tonalities of color.
The lamentation (1305)
Shows humanization of religious figures.
Shows the modeling of figures through the use of different tonalities of color.
Madonna enthroned with child, angels, and saints.
Great sense of weight and volume.
No gold on drapery.
Mary is in a baldachin (a canopy that has a throne + altar).
Hierarchical style- Mary is at the top, meaning she is better than the rest.
Very realistic.
Mary’s shape of the body is clearer.
The lamentation (1305)
Shows humanization of religious figures.
Shows the modeling of figures through the use of different tonalities of color. |
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Term
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Definition
Belongs to the School of Sienna.
Painted for the papal courts of Avignon.
Was taught by Duccio.
Known for his elegance.
Most important of all the painters of the Italian Gothic style.
Annunciation (1333)
Elegance, grace, and sophistication vs. Giotto realism.
Mary looks scared of the Angel Gabriel.
Marian iconography
Throne-
Lilies- Maries purity
Reading- |
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Term
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Definition
Belongs to the School of Sienna.
Painted for the papal courts of Avignon.
Was taught by Duccio.
Known for his elegance.
Most important of all the painters of the Italian Gothic style.
Annunciation (1333)
Elegance, grace, and sophistication vs. Giotto realism.
Mary looks scared of the Angel Gabriel.
Marian iconography
Throne-
Lilies- Maries purity
Reading- |
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Term
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Definition
Florence Cathedral (1296-1436)
Ribs-dome-bell tower-oculus-lantern-drum.
Difference from French Gothic
The Italians were very traditional and the French were innovators. |
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Term
| Johannes Gutenberg in (1446-1450) |
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Definition
| Invention of the printing press. |
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Term
| Johannes Gutenberg in (1446-1450) |
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Definition
| Invention of the printing press. |
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Term
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Definition
1400 / 15th century
A rebirth aided by political changes across Europe and a new growth in economics and trade.
Renewed interests in classical texts.
Attention to the world of nature
Time preiod
Florence- the city of the time
Stable monetary system.
Representative government.
Strong guilds.
Banking and commerce (Medici family)
They ruled Florence from 1434-1492
Humanism: Its influence on art.
Search for truth and beauty.
Humans are the center of everything.
Painting
Use of frescoes- to decorate churches and cathedrals.
Linear perspective- mathematical system enabling artists to represent the visible world in convincingly illusionist way. (Italian renaissance)
Glazing- painting over different layers (used in Flemish painting)
Oil painting- used in Flemish painting.
Italian Renaissance
Classical revival
You can see it by the round arches and asymmetrical composition.
Greek and roman influence.
Anthropocentrism
The tendency of human beings to regard themselves as the center and most significant entities in the universe.
Theo centrism
God is the central aspect to our existence.
Use of religious theme
Humanization of the religious figures.
Artists and artworks |
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Term
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Definition
1300 / 14th century
Marks the end of the medieval period, and the beginning of the renaissance in Western Europe.
Time period
Famines
Hundred years war (1337-1453)
The Black Death (bubonic plague) (1348) - reduced the European population by 40%.
The Great Schism (1378-1417) - the decline of the medieval church. When east and west divided into two churches (Catholic Church and protestant church).
Influence of Byzantine art
Decorations such as mosaics and frescos (italo-byzantine).
Marian iconography
Their portrayal of the Virgin Mary in paintings, frescos, and mosaics. |
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Term
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Definition
Holy Trinity (1438)
Uses tromploiel
Influence of classical order
Clarity of line perspective, realism, psychology.
Tribute money
3 scenes
Central focus is Jesus and disciples.
Linear and atmospheric perspective.
Profound sense of emotion.
Botticelli
La Primavera
The Medici wedding
Mythological allegory
2 natures of Venus(here terrestrial love = marital love),
Flora (fertility),
Three Graces, Mercury, Zephyr, nymph Chloris.
Orange: symbol of the Medici family |
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Term
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Definition
Mona Lisa
Lisa Gherardini de Giocondo
Mysterious atmosphere
Sfumato: smoky effect (unifies composition)
Superiority of painting over sculpture and color.
Form through highlight and color.
The Last Supper
Linear perspective
Vanishing point
Geometric composition (triangular)
No human emotion
No halos
Sculpture
Donatello
David
Florentine renaissance.
First nude since Roman antiquity
New approach to classical nude
Adolescent expression
Very detailed, young, feminine body.
Posing after the battle.
Michelangelo
David
Roman Renaissance (cinquecento)
Has Contraposto
Influence from classical Greece.
Combination of realism and idealization.
Pieta
Made of marble
Detailed drapery
Mary carrying Jesus |
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Term
| Flemish Art (art of Flanders) |
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Definition
Originated in south Netherlands, today’s Belgium and northern France.
Characteristics of Flemish art
Glazing- technique using several layer of paint.
Tempora- water based painting
Altar pieces- triptych (3 panels)
Italian art favored the painting with tempora and Flemish art favored oil painting.
Symbolisms and paintings
Lilies- Maries purity
Towels-
Light- divinity
Mary sitting on the foot rest of bench- |
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Term
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Definition
Merode Altarpiece
Triptych
Depicts the annunciation
Lilies- Mary’s purity |
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Term
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Definition
Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife
Oil on wood panel.
Signature on top of the mirror is of the artist
Mirror gives a sense of depth
Mirror = all seeing eye of Christ.
Oranges = adam and eve fertility
Dog = fidelity
Sandals = domesticity
Uses glazing.
Signing of a wedding document. |
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Term
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Definition
1500 / 16th century
Shift from Florence to Rome
Shift in the major city
Reasons
Strong popes (Medici’s)
Savonarola
Medium- shift from tempora to oil. |
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Term
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Definition
Born in Urbino, moved to Perugia, then moved to Florence.
Famous for his Madonna’s.
Worked for Julius II
Madonnas
Idea of humanism
Divinity
Colors and triangles (like Leonardo)
Madonnas are universal.
Mother figures.
School of Athens
Plato (left) and Aristotle (right) are at the center.
Michelangelo is at the front resting his head.
It’s a fresco that represents all the great artists and philosophers of the time.
Shows tromp loeil
Linear perspective
Early 1500. |
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Term
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Definition
Change of style
Preferred sculpture over painting.
Sistine Chapel
Early 1500
The ceiling of the Sistine chapel
Scene from the old testament
The wall- The last judgment |
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Term
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Definition
Protestant reformation
Martin Luther- 95 theses
Church corruption - selling of indulgences.
Indulgences- church goods sold to the people.
Causes of the reformation
Rising nationalism
People wanted reform in the church for a long time. |
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Term
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Definition
Saint Michael fighting the dragon
Late 1400
It’s a print. (wood cut)
Violence at the top and calm at the bottom. |
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Term
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Definition
Isenheim altar piece
Placed in a hospital |
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Term
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Definition
Isenheim altar piece
Placed in a hospital |
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Term
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Definition
Garden of early delights
Early 1500
Triptych
All activities seek erotic pleasures
Left panel- the creation of eve.
Center panel- shows eves erotic pleasures
Right panel- shows hell (all erotic pleasures lead to hell) |
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Term
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Definition
The Burial of Count Orgaz
Late 1500
Elongated proportions
Group portraits of local aristocracy
Influence of mannerism.
Distinction of heaven and earth. |
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Term
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Definition
The counter reformation
The most important group is the Society of Jesus (Jesuits).
Was a response by the Catholic Church to restore its authority to the protestant reformation.
Council of Trent and Guidelines of the Council of Trent art.
Artworks had to be doctrinally accepted.
Artworks had to be realistic interpretations
Artworks should appeal to the emotions
Artworks should appeal to the senses.
Italian Baroque
Characteristics of painting
Emotionalism
Illusionism
Splendor
Light and shade
Religious fervor
Domestic intimacy
Tenebrism- a style of painting in which light is used to focus attention on a single figure in a composition with the rest of the painting being in shadow and the background dark. (chiaroscuro) |
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Term
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Definition
He used chiaroscuro, and he influenced many artists to use it as well.
One of the most illustrious painters.
He was a naturalist not a realist.
He liked to paint low class/poor people.
Artists and Artworks
Painting
The calling of Mathew
Early 1600
Artist produces dramatic effect by directing light at Mathews head.
The martyrdom of saint Matthew
Early 1600
Self portrait of the artist
The light is focused on the executioner.
Painful realism
Shows sadistic violence.
Characteristics of architecture
The calling of Mathew
Early 1600
Artist produces dramatic effect by directing light at Mathews head.
The martyrdom of saint Matthew
Early 1600
Self portrait of the artist
The light is focused on the executioner.
Painful realism
Shows sadistic violence.
Characteristics of architecture |
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Term
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Definition
St. Peters piazza
Contains Obelisks and fountains.
Baldachins and spiral columns.
Known as the motherly arms of the church.
Charecteristics of sculpture |
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Term
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Definition
St. Peters piazza
Contains Obelisks and fountains.
Baldachins and spiral columns.
Known as the motherly arms of the church.
Charecteristics of sculpture
David
In the middle of battle
In motion, twisted
Full of emotion
Influence from the henalistic period.
Masculine, proportional.
St. Teresa in Extasis
Uses a combination of architecture sculpture and natural light to convey the saint’s ecstatic vision of an angel.
Light source coming from the ceiling.
Very detailed.
Angel is piercing Mary in the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Louis XIV (the sun king) is the patron for the arts. |
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Term
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Definition
Palace of Versailles
Contained baroque architecture with classical style.
Represents Louis image as the monarch of France. |
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Term
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Definition
Palace of Versailles
Contained baroque architecture with classical style.
Represents Louis image as the monarch of France. |
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Term
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Definition
Characteristics of painting
Strong religious emotion
Strong bright colors influenced by mannerism.
Elongated proportions |
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Term
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Definition
Characteristics of painting
Strong religious emotion
Strong bright colors influenced by mannerism.
Elongated proportions |
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Term
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Definition
Las meninas
Mid 1600
In the painting Velázquez is making a painting.
Takes place in the artist’s studio.
The true meaning of the painting is still unknown.
It is a representation of the monarch family. |
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Term
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Definition
Antibaroque
Refers to more modest and reserve courts
Meant to entertain the aristocratic audiences.
Unrealistic views of life (escapists)
Use of pastel colors, curving forms, delicate figures, happy scenes.
Graceful and harmonious
Over precious and artificial
Frivolous, lighthearted
Asymmetry and ornamentation |
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Term
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Definition
Return from cythera
Early 1700
Nostalgic mood
Cytheria = birth place of venus
The painting represents a group of lovers preparing to depart from an island of eternal youth and love.
Loose brushstrokes
Pastel colors
Fragonard
The last representative of the rococo tradition
paints erotic figures
expresses the mood of his romance through landscapes
Love letters
Late 1700
Oil on canvas
erotic figures
Hazy, atmospheric landscape.
Characteristics of neoclassicism
Greek and roman influences
The excavation of the buried cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii evoked immense interest in the art of classical art of Rome
The reaction to the baroque and rococo.
the use of sharp colors and chiaroscuro.
Simplicity and symmetry |
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Term
| Enlightenment— The Age of Reason |
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Definition
18 century- marked by pervasive resentment and dissatisfaction with established society.
Religious freedom for all, equality before the law, and supremacy for human reason.
Each style or idea seems far easier to grasp and categorize by itself than as part of an overall pattern of cultural development.
Revival of classical art
You can see it by the round arches and asymmetrical composition.
Greek and roman influence.
Importance of Winckelmann and the discovery of Herculaneum and Pompeii
Winckelmann = father of archeology. He played a major part in creating a new awareness for the importance of classical art.
Neoclassicism in Britain |
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Term
| Enlightenment— The Age of Reason |
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Definition
18 century- marked by pervasive resentment and dissatisfaction with established society.
Religious freedom for all, equality before the law, and supremacy for human reason.
Each style or idea seems far easier to grasp and categorize by itself than as part of an overall pattern of cultural development.
Revival of classical art
You can see it by the round arches and asymmetrical composition.
Greek and roman influence.
Importance of Winckelmann and the discovery of Herculaneum and Pompeii
Winckelmann = father of archeology. He played a major part in creating a new awareness for the importance of classical art.
Neoclassicism in Britain |
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Term
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Definition
English painter.
Painted a series of moral subjects in satirical manner.
In this series he illustrates the consequences of loveless marriage.
Was the master of line, color, and composition.
Neoclassicism in France
French revolution and Neoclassicism
Neoclassicism and romanticism related to the French revolution
Didactic art that was more inspiring. |
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Term
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Definition
Belief in the abolition of the monarchy extinguishing the titles of nobility, and education free from the hands of the church.
Oath of horati
Late 1700
Three brothers who swear on oath to defend Rome at the cost of their lives.
Established the official style of revolutionary art.
Death of marat
Pamphleteer
influence of Caravaggio
Classical and naturalistic characteristics.
Idealistic portrait.
Patriotism
His letters criticized the government.
Neoclassicism in USA.
U.S capitol
Greek and roman influence |
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Term
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Definition
Reaction to neoclassicism.
2 schools of romanticism- Romantic and Realist
Expression of personal feelings in their works.
Emotion rather than intellectual.
Attracted by the fantastic and the exotic
Longing for self expression.
Use of imagination, the subjective rather than the objective.
A union with nature.
Romanticism in France
French revolution and romanticism
1788-1789
A period of radical, social and political upheaval in French history.
Monarchy collapsed in three years.
French monarchy was replaced by a democratic republic. |
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Term
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Definition
the raft of medusa
a delight in the ever-changing and wild character of nature.
A fascination with power and violence.
A delight in gothic stories
Fascination with insane and subconscious. |
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Term
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Definition
the raft of medusa
a delight in the ever-changing and wild character of nature.
A fascination with power and violence.
A delight in gothic stories
Fascination with insane and subconscious. |
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Term
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Definition
Massacre at Chios
A delight in the ever-changing and wild character of nature.
Interest in contemporary politics.
Death of Sardanapalus
A fascination with power and violence.
Taste for the exotic. |
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Term
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Definition
The third of may
A fascination with power and politics
Interest in contemporary politics.
The sleep of reason produces monsters
His personal thoughts on reason
His individual emotion of being reasonless. He thinks it would cause chaos.
Delight in gothic stories.
Fascination with the insane and subconscious.
Pinturas negras (Saturn devouring his son)
Focuses more on the subject rather than the details.
A fascination with power and violence.
Delight in gothic stories
Fascination with the insane and subconscious. |
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Term
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Definition
General Characteristics
Mid 18 hundred
The response to romanticism.
Moves away from the classical and toward the realistic interpretations.
Gustave Courbet and Realist Manifesto
To move away from the art of his time and to create the new style of realism.
Social Message in realism
He depicted the lower class/poor people. He wanted to represent the largest bulk of society realistically. |
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Term
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Definition
Stone Breakers
Realistic scenes
Human labor
Nature is not idealized
Real depiction of the poor people working to make money. |
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Term
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Definition
Stone Breakers
Realistic scenes
Human labor
Nature is not idealized
Real depiction of the poor people working to make money. |
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Term
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Definition
Le dejeuner sur l‘Herbe
Public out cry = one female nude and two full clothed men.
Female – seems to be calm with her surroundings.
First break from tradition.
Representation of a prostitute.
Characteristics of impressionism, difference with other art styles.
Subjects of leisure.
Meant for the Upper middle class.
No social implications in painting.
Bourgeois character in subject matter and its audiences.
Optic illusions
Outdoor painting
Not a fixed style |
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Term
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Definition
Le dejeuner sur l‘Herbe
Public out cry = one female nude and two full clothed men.
Female – seems to be calm with her surroundings.
First break from tradition.
Representation of a prostitute.
Characteristics of impressionism, difference with other art styles.
Subjects of leisure.
Meant for the Upper middle class.
No social implications in painting.
Bourgeois character in subject matter and its audiences.
Optic illusions
Outdoor painting
Not a fixed style |
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Term
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Definition
Comes from a painting by Claude Monet called impression: Sunrise.
Importance of light and color
Light decomposes the object in spots of colors.
Light controls color intensity. |
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Term
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Definition
Impression, Sunrise.
Water lilies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
La Moulin de la gallete
Scenes of upper class
Leisure
Light through trees. |
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Term
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Definition
La Moulin de la gallete
Scenes of upper class
Leisure
Light through trees. |
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Term
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Definition
Changes from impressionism to post impressionism
Rejection to impressionism
Individual styles
Cezanne and his importance for the later styles (cubism)
He searched for order in his paintings.
Wanted too make of impressionism something solid and durable. |
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Term
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Definition
Starry night
Careful use of line and shapes.
Conveys Gogh’s emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
A Sunday on La Grand Jatte
Pointillism |
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Term
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Definition
A Sunday on La Grand Jatte
Pointillism |
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Term
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Definition
La Orana Maria
Late 1800
Tahitian Madonna and child being worshiped by two women with an angel behind them. |
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Term
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Definition
La Orana Maria
Late 1800
Tahitian Madonna and child being worshiped by two women with an angel behind them. |
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Term
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Definition
General Charecteristics
Developed in France
Fauvism = “the wild beast” (group of people of broke away violently from the tradition of color and form)
Characterized by extremes of color and form.
Explosive colors / impulsive brush strokes. |
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Term
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Definition
General Charecteristics
Developed in France
Fauvism = “the wild beast” (group of people of broke away violently from the tradition of color and form)
Characterized by extremes of color and form.
Explosive colors / impulsive brush strokes. |
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Term
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Definition
The red studio
Early 1900
It makes the viewer look through the artists eyes and see familiar objects suddenly take on neo-vibrant life.
Expressionism
General characteristics
Brilliant clashing colors
Paintings reflect mysticism
Nature used to interpret the universe
Art to convey emotional or psychological truth |
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Term
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Definition
The scream
The artist represents what he is feeling inside. |
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Term
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Definition
The scream
The artist represents what he is feeling inside. |
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Term
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Definition
| artists were mostly concerned with exploring the geometric qualities of objects seen without reference to linear perspective. |
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Term
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Definition
artists exalted the values of industrial civilization and the power of urban accomplishment.
Started in Italy, Marinetti was the Father of Futurism; issued Futurist Manifestos |
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Term
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Definition
| popular use of photography used to chronicle a series of historical and important events. |
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Term
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Definition
Les demoiselles d’ Avignon
Early 1900’s
Cubism
Increasing distortion from left to right
Depicts prostitutes in Avignon Street in Barcelona
Influenced by African Masks
Moves away from Classical perspective of Reinassance and the experiments of Cezanne
Guernica
The great Protestant Painting
Art as Protest
Early 1900’s
The bull= Spain’s brute force
Expressionistic distortion + Cubist abstraction. |
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