Term
| 1. Source of energy stored in ATP |
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Definition
| built up negative phosphate groups. Potential energy because all the negatives want to get away from each other |
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Term
| 2. How does protein machine enhance breakdown of ATP->ADP+Pi |
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Definition
enzymes can catalyze/accelerate polymerization
H2O's oxygen attacks phosphate group stealing P |
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Term
| 3. How do you make a better/ faster or slower enzyme? |
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Definition
position of molecules help move alone or cause chemistry to happen
if protein has a + enzyme needs a negative.
Faster or slower if enzyme works well w/ binding.
Big uncharged side chain needs big uncharged pocket |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| it is an exact copy of dna info, its used as intstructions for a protein, sucked up into polymerase and made into a chain that matches dna exactly (codons) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contains anti codons that match up w mrna must feel right with amino acid, hbonds and base pairing |
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Term
| 8. what does synthetase do? |
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Definition
| 2 bonding sites, one for specific amino acid and one for specific tRNA and matches them together |
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Term
| 9. what does termination factor do? |
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Definition
| Also called release factor, once stop codon is in place no more tRNAs are right to match up with mRNA, TF (protein) comes in with right hbond feel and sits on codon telling ribosome subunits to seperate and strand is released |
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Term
| 10. what is an Amino acid? |
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Definition
| compounds with a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group (NH2) have sidecahins |
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Term
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Definition
| part of ribosome essential for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| where all trnas with amino acids come through to match up with mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| codon that has a certain feel to start mRNA chain. always methionine |
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Term
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Definition
| termination codon, basically ends mRNA chain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 3 nucleotides on tRNA that match up with mRNA |
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Term
| 17. what does EF-Tu stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Initiation factor, helps get things started in ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| elongation factor, part of repetitive amino addition process |
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Term
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Definition
| since EF-Tu prevents peptide transfer reaction, tRNA must outwait the EF-Tu timer, this is critical because 'near fit' tRNAs can enter ribosome & sit on codon. They must be given time to fail/leave |
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Term
| 21. what happens if EF-Tu had a slower timer? |
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Definition
| tRNA binding with mRNA in the ribosome would be more accurate because the chance of a poor fit outlasting the timer would become even less. |
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Term
| 22. why does GTPase and EF-Tu and its binding property with tRNA favor well matched tRNAS? |
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Definition
| because bad matches will leave if EF-Tu does not let them pass for so long |
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Term
| 23. What is the cell's strategy for 'fishing' with tubulin/microtubules? |
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Definition
| to send sensors/protein out (beeping) until every chromosome is caught |
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Term
| 24. how do microtubules work? |
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Definition
| chain of GTPs burning into GDPs, as long as the GTPs are increasing at a higher rate than the GDPs are burning off then the microtubules will extend far enough to "catch" a chromosome |
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Term
| 25. Why are the sizes of microtubules constantly changing? |
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Definition
| The GTP is constantly growing and GDP is constantly burning off but at different rates |
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Term
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Definition
| The 'cap' of GTP-bearing molecules on a microtube are collectively the timer |
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Term
| 27. As long as tip is in stable/add state (orange) it grows |
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Definition
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Term
| 28. If tip switches to unstable (blue) state it falls apart |
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Definition
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Term
| 29. What is the stuff behind the cap considered? |
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Definition
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Term
| 30. What is happening when we trigger an operation whose efficiency is controlled? (microtubule) |
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Definition
| a delay is created between trigger and outcome |
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Term
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Definition
binding or not binding (tRNA and amino acid)
switched by GTP |
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Term
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Definition
GTP form- straight, easy to add to, makes a stable end
GDP form- bent, constantly disassembling, hard to add to |
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Term
| 33. 2 states of hemoglobin |
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Definition
oxy- high pH, low ions, therefore tetramers are not influenced thus binding oxygen
deoxy- low pH, more ions therefore tetramers are influenced favoring oxygen releasing |
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Term
| 34. 2 states of lac operon |
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Definition
on- lactose not present therefore nothing to grab to except for dna
off- lactose present therefore lac operon is hugging lactose and leaving dna open thus off |
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