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Definition
| Species that are unique to certain islands, found nowhere else in the world |
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| Trait of islands, seen in species like the komodo dragon of Indonesia |
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| Trait of island species, pygmy hippo of Madagascar |
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| Islands - giant cricket of Australia |
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| Two traits, punnet square with 16 offspring |
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| Drosophila melanogaster experiments - learned that males are hemizygous, traits can be sex-linked |
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Definition
| On the same chromosome, inherited together |
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| How do you distinguish sex-linked and autosomal traits from each other? |
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Definition
| Sex-linked traits have unequal reciprocal crosses. |
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| Meiosis error in which one daughter ends up with more chromosomes while another ends up with less. |
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| Nondisjunction malady - woman is missing her second 23rd X chromosome, she is very small and can't have children. Shows us that human condition is default female without Y interference. |
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Definition
| Nondisjunction - 23rd chromosome is XXY, feminized male morphology with mental deficits |
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| XY, this broadcast is not received. Female morphology, infertile. |
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| How is sex determination different in birds? |
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Definition
| Females are the hemizygous sex. |
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Term
| Name an example of phenotype plasticity |
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Definition
| Turtles whose sex is determined by the temperature of their environment |
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| What temperature produces female turtles? |
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Definition
| Greater than 32 degrees Celcius |
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| What temperature produces male turtles? |
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Definition
| Less than 28 degrees Celcius |
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Definition
| The power of looking at similarities and differences |
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Term
| What did Carolus Linnaeus and Buffon do? |
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Definition
| Cataloguing all life on earth - "systema natura", invented binomial nomenclature. |
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| First rigorous comparative biologist/physiologist |
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| First hypothesis of evolutionary change in 1836. Principle of acquired characteristics, knowledge of heredity. Nearly perfect evolutionary tree. |
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| Variation within a species, natural selection, time was important, survival of the fittest. |
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| Father of geology, uniformitarianism. |
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| More individuals are born than will survive |
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| Sold specimens. Explained natural selection to Darwin in 1858 |
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Definition
| Discovered mechanism of heredity, father of transmission genetics |
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| Correns, Tschermick, Spillman, de Vries |
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Definition
| Independently rediscovered Menel years later |
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| What do we know about true breeding lines? |
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| A trait that is determined by more than one locus - corn snake coloration |
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Definition
| Genes interact in a masking effect, less than the expected number of phenotypes are seen |
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Definition
| Intermediate phenotype is present |
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Definition
| Both alleles are expressed at the same time |
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Definition
| Lots of alleles for one trait - like human height or blood type |
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| What are the four types of inheritance? |
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Definition
Autosomal Dominant
Autosomal Recessive
Sex-linked Dominant
Sex-linked Recessive |
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| Determine more than one trait |
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Definition
| Pleiotropic genotype that causes death - Y in mice causes protein formation that causes yellow hair, but YY causes too much protein. |
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Term
| What kind of disease is phenylketonuria? |
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Definition
| Pleiotropic disease - lack of PAH as well as pale complexion, mental impairments, seizures, eczema. Babies are now tested at birth for PKU and can live a normal life with a special diet. |
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| What are other pleiotropic diseases? |
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Definition
Marfan syndrome
Polydactyly |
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Term
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Definition
| Genotype produces expected phenotype |
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Definition
| Genotype does not produce expected phenotype because of gene interactions |
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| Variable expression of a given genotype |
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Definition
Cystic fibrosis
Huntington's disease
Alzheimer's disease |
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Definition
Phenotype is influenced by environment as well as genes.
Himalayan rabbits
Leaf shape
Allelochemicals
Daphnia spination |
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Definition
| group of individuals of a particular species |
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| What causes a change in gene frequency? |
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Definition
| Selection, mutation, gene flow, genetic drift |
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| Looking for a similar partner |
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| Looking for a very different partner - White throated sparrow |
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Definition
| Variation in the relative frequency of genotypes, usually in a small population, one allele eventually disappearing |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced genetic diversity when population is descended from a few individuals |
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Definition
| Only a few members of a population survive to reproduce, lower genetic diversity |
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Term
| Does genetic drift cause decreased heterozygosity? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Usually caused by migration, reverses effect of genetic drift. Usually random |
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Term
| What are the types of mutations? |
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Definition
Silent mutations
Frameshift mutations - addition or deletion
Missense mutations |
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Term
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Definition
Duplications
Deletions
Translocation |
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Definition
| Changes the average value of a trait - cliff swallows in OK, bigger birds have advantages |
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| Against extremes without changing the mean |
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Definition
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| one sex imposes selective pressure on the other |
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Definition
| Striking difference in appearance between genders - bird colors |
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Definition
| Relative size/cost of eggs and sperm |
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| How does reproductive success vary based on number of mates? |
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Definition
| Males' reproductive success increases always, females' only increases to a certain point. |
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Definition
| Competition between males |
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Definition
| Female chooses a mate without comparing |
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| How does variation in reproductive success vary? |
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Definition
| Males have high variation, females have low variation. |
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Definition
| Individuals that can survive despite a drawback must be very strong, therefor are selected as mates despite their non advantageous phenotype |
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Definition
| Babies can fend for them selves |
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Definition
| Handicap principle is so strong that extinction occurs |
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Definition
| Like in the case of guppies and cichlids, animals adapt to their environment |
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Definition
| Only evolutionary mechanism that introduces new variation |
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Term
| Tinker analogy/optimality |
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Definition
| We don't expect perfection in mutation, we only seek something better |
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Term
| Why do higher primates and rodents have trichromatic vision? |
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Definition
| Due to a duplication of a portion of chromosome, convergent evolution. |
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