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Definition
| immediate cause for behavior in an animal (ex. female choose big, handsome male) |
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| Reason why an animal behaves in a certain way to a proximate cause. (ex. female chose that male because his genes would be beneficial to her offspring) |
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| Physiology (how it affects behavior) |
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| Physiology (core temperature, hormone production, etc.)- affects behavior (hormone production tells organisms when they are ready to mate) |
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| study of organism from conception to adulthood- males compete, may play rough games when young. Females may babysit young or something. |
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| Behavior and natural selection: |
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| Certain behaviors are selected for- such as migrating south and north for birds. |
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| patterns of behavior in groups of related species- birds sing and lizards do pushups (territorial bobbing). |
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| history of behavior- mostly innate behavior (example, give an egg to goose and it will put it in its nest) |
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| Different habitats (desert) |
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| same sets of species that occur together in areas over time. (where you have elephants, you have birds that eat their parasites). |
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| communities within abiotic context (how do communities function within abiotic environment) |
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| regional group of connected populations of a species, separated by resources, connected through immigration and emigration. |
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| Put these in order: 1. biome 2. community 3. ecosystem 4. Metapopulation 5. population 6. species 7. subspecies 8. individual |
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Definition
| Individuals, Subspecies, Species, Metapopulations, Populations, Communities, Biomes. |
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| how animals interacts with biotic and abiotic environment |
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| living things (other organisms) |
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| non-living things (sunlight, wind, temperature, altitude, etc) |
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| Adaptive significance of behavior |
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| behavior has a role in fitness and survival (butterflies migrate seasonally) |
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| secretes hormones, control longer term behavior (parental care) |
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| serotonin and dopamine (leads to behaviors such as aggression) |
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| genes guide development of behavior (instincts) (nature, not nurture) |
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| "Nurture" (behavior theory) |
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| social environment and experiences guide behavior |
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| altered behavior from previous experiences |
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| change in behavior that does not require an association between two stimuli (just something that sort of seems to happen, like getting used to strange noises over time) |
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| decrease response to repeated stimuli (bird learns that a fluttering leaf is not a hungry hawk, gets used to it and stops reacting to it). helps save energy |
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| association between two stimuli or a stimulus and a response. There are 2 MAJOR TYPES |
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| type of associative learning- associating two stimuli [pavlov's dog experiment where the dogs salivate when they hear the bell] |
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| type of associative learning- trial and error (ex. frog eats bee, gets stung, does not eat bee again) |
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| limits to learning (ex. pigeons can associate sound with predators but not color. they associate color with food but not with sound) |
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| part of brain that remembers where things are |
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| social attachment to other individuals (ducks and mom) |
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| long-range, two-way movement. (after 2-5 generations, monarchs return to same place as great-great-grandparents) |
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| Facilitates group living. examples: warns animals of predators, shows some animals where food is (honey bee "waggle dance"), helps find mates |
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| where an animals lives and feeds |
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| actively defended, energetically costly |
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| males compete, defend territory and females, sexual dimorphism (big pretty plumage), polygyny |
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| females choose male who will provide territory, nesting sites, food, and may help raise offspring. Or choose healthiest and oldest for good genes in offspring. |
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| Performance Benefits another at cost of actor (can be kin selection: protect babies and family at all cost or reciprocal: I'll scratch your back if you scratch mine) |
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| ecological space where a species does its best |
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| List some biotic challenges to a species' survival |
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Definition
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| organisms condition which is constant |
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osmoregulation: regulation of salt content in water
theromoregulation: reptiles use behavior to warm up, humans use an internal heating system |
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| rate of population growth formula. b= birthrate, d=mortality rate, i=immigration, e= emigration. |
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| K-selected species (characteristics) |
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Definition
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| K-selected species (roles) |
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| R-selected species (characteristics) |
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| R-selected species (roles) |
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^N/^t= intrinsic rate of increase, adjusted for the amount of available resources:
N=population size (number of individuals), K=carrying capacity, r=rate of population growth, t=time |
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| amount of resources available |
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| Density Dependent factors |
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Definition
| factors that affect a population depending on population size |
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| Density Independent factors |
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Definition
| pop. growth rate unrelated to population size, factors such as natural disasters, seasons, predation, etc. |
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Definition
| population size, structure (how many M and F of which ages), and intrinsic rate of increase |
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| List 3 Spatial Distribution Patterns |
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Definition
1. Random- species are found randomly in an environment (not common)
2. Uniform- species have territories due to competition for resources or mates (common)
3. Clumped- species are scattered in patches according to where resources can be found (common) |
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| 3 benefits of metapopulation |
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Definition
| gene flow between species, maintains resources, utilizes areas of land that are usually bad but sometimes reproductively advantageous. |
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| unlimited GO FORTH AND MULTIPLY MY BUNNIES growth. doubles every generation (1+1=2, 2+2=4) |
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| growth is limited by resources (the carrying capacity) GO FORTH AND MULTIPLY OH SHIT WE'RE OUT OF FOOD. |
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| high quality habitat, high reproductive success, high emigration (get out it's crowded!), stable or growing in size. |
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| low quality habitat, species prone to extinction, low reproductive success, high immigration (less competition) |
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| offspring have higher chance of surviving early ages/infancy (human) vs. offspring do not typically survive infancy, but are pretty study if they do (oysters) |
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| biomes, ecosystems and such are identified by what? |
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| # of individuals in a species compared to other species |
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| amount of energy produced (photosynthesis, prokaryote... phosphorus... and nitrogen.... and stuff) |
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| community= set of species that occur together due to abiotic factors |
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Definition
| community= set of species that occur together due to biotic interactions (if species A is present, species B must be present). |
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| places where environment changes from one to another, orders between communities |
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| niche is determined by... |
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Definition
| sum total of all the ways on organism uses the resources. |
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| use different niches to avoid conflict/direct competition (lizards on different parts of a tree) |
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| the entire space that could potentially be a species' niche |
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| the actual space that is a species' niche (where they are limited by competition, predators) |
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| competitive exclusion principle |
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Definition
| if two species comete for the same, limited resource, one must die out. whichever is the more efficient consumer wins. |
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| one species diverges into two because one group of the species develops characteristics to eat one kind of resource and the other species develops different characteristics to eat a different resource. |
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| one species looks like a poisonous species (known as batesiam mimicry) |
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| lots of poisonous species look the same. |
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| 2 or more kinds of organisms interact in more or less permanent relationships |
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| (only one species benefits at no cost to the other [moss on trees] |
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| only one species benefits at the cost of another |
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| list positive effects of predation |
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1. keeps prey from exceeding k-capacity
2. predator choice depends partly on # of prey (more bunnies vs. squirrels= mostly bunny diet)
3. superior competitors may decrease (leaving room for less competitive species) |
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| can manipulate environment in ways that create new habitats for other species, greatly alter environment. (ex. gopher tortoise makes holes for other species too) |
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| communities have a tendency to change over time from simple to complex |
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| occurs on bare, lifeless, substrate (new beach in FL, rock in woods) pioneer species such as lichen start to make it livable. |
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| areas where existing community has been disturbed (tree fell down, suddenly there is a free patch of space in the forest AHH!) but organism still remain (field left uncultivated) |
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| which organisms can deal with lousy new conditions and terrain (r-selected species) |
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| early successional species (r-selected critters) change environment to facilitate the arrival of another species (k-selected species takes over) |
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| changes in the habitat caused by one species inhibits the growth of the original species |
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| intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
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Definition
| MODERATE disturbance= greatest species richness, it gives lots of species a chance to populate. LOTS of disturbance only allows one kind of species to take over, LITTLE disturbance means the dominant species continues to prevail. |
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| includes all species in one area PLUS abiotic environment in which they live and interact. |
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| In what ways does Nitrogen get into the atmosphere? |
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Definition
| denitrifying microbials and ammonia released from the soil (from broken down feces) |
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| How does carbon get into the atmosphere? |
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Definition
| through respiration (animal, plant, and microbes), pollution, and the oxidation of methane. |
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| first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy cannot be created nor DESTROYED. |
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| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| whenever organisms use chemical-bond energy or light energy, some of it is converted into HEAT! HOT HOT HOT!! |
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Term
| Autotrophs(define and list them) |
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Definition
| they are self feeders (things that don't eat other things they make their own food) photoautotrophs- plants that use light as energy source. Chemoautotrophs- energy from inorganic oxidation (prokaryotes/microbes) |
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| cannot synthesize organic compounds (animals, we EAT EVERYTHING OM NOM) |
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| which level an organisms feeds at |
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| the rate at which the organisms in the trophic level collectively synthesize new organic matter |
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| public reporting and publication |
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