Term
| Which Order Uses Bio-luminescence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do bio-luminescent insects use their bio-luminescence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an aggregation of males that gather to engage in competitive displays that may entice visiting females who are surveying prospective partners for copulation. |
|
|
Term
| Sound Communication - Which order is best known for "Singing" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Functions of Acoustic Behavior? |
|
Definition
| When is for calling (by males for females), the other is for fighting (territorial defense). |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms for Sound Production |
|
Definition
Strike (Against a substrate-Chirping)
Ejection (emission of air-Hiss) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Time seperated" - relating to different times insects 'sing' (Day vs Night)
Katydid - Night, Grasshopper - Day
Crickets - Day/Night |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rubbing of one body against another
(EX. Beetles, Grasshoppers - Most common) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The quick movement of special membranes known as TYMBALSA
(Cicadas, Leafhoppers, Moths)
- Wings, or Thorax |
|
|
Term
| What Orders use sound to communicate |
|
Definition
| Orthoptera, Coleptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Homoptera and Lepidoptera |
|
|
Term
| Describe two Arthropod classes of Bio-control agents |
|
Definition
Predators & Parasite/Parasitoids
(Ladybug) & (Carpenter bee) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kills and eats multiple organims before reaching maturity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Feeds on multiple organims while reaching maturity, does not usually kill host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feeds on one host until maturity, usually killing the host. |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of Biological Control |
|
Definition
- Self Perpetuating
- Pest Specific (attacks one host)
- Density Dependent (breed cycle constant)
- Cost Effective
- Environmentally compatible (non toxic) |
|
|
Term
| Types of Bio-Control (non Insect) |
|
Definition
- Foreign Exploration
- Quarantine Process
- Mass Propagation
- Insect Pathogens
- Viruses
- Bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis)
- Entomopathogenic fungi
- Entomopathogenic nematodes
- Field Colonizaiton
- Evolution of Impact |
|
|
Term
| Wingless Parasitoid (example) |
|
Definition
| Mule Killer - (Red-velvet Ant "wingless wasp" Hymenoptera) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Bordeaux Mix (hydrated lime and copper sulfate)
- Paris Green (copper acetoarsenite)
- the Elementals (Antimony-Arsenic-Mercury-Selenium)
- Hydrocyanic gas (a fumigant in citrus) |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of ancient pesticides? |
|
Definition
Tobacco,
Soap-suds
fish and whale oil
Dusts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
insect killing reagent that is made from herbs and plants
(Tobacco, Rotenone, Hellebore, [Pyrethrum~made from Daisy]) |
|
|
Term
| Reasons for developing synthetic insectidies |
|
Definition
- Control pest populations in agricultural products
- WWII, had problem with insect vectored diseases
- Arbored disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Wide range of insects affected by it
- Simple, Easy, cheap to produce
- Prolonged stability and residual activity
- Low toxicity on mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Over used
- non-specificity removed beneficial insects
- Resistance development of insects
- Prolonged stability and residual activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Integrated Pest Management
- The use of mulitple techniques and strategies to control pest insect populations below an economic level. |
|
|
Term
| Who wrote, "Could the widespread use of DDT be disastrous?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do people not use DDT for everything anymore? |
|
Definition
| Economic reasons, Growing Environmental ethics, New generation of Insecticides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Insect Eater
(John the Baptist) |
|
|
Term
| Food Defection Action Levels |
|
Definition
| US FDA publication detailing acceptable levels of food contamination from sources such as maggots, thrips, insect fragments, "foreign matter", mold, rodent hairs, and insect and mammalian feces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Biblical "John the Baptist"
- Weaver Ants, S.E. Asia
- Bamboo Worms
- Crickets |
|
|
Term
| Rational for eating Insects |
|
Definition
- World Protein Crisis (losing almost 8,000 acres per day cuz of settlements)
- Utilize Existing Protein
- They taste good
- Food Security
- Dietary Quality (more protein than most other animal meats)
- Poverty Alleviation |
|
|
Term
| Man responsible for "discovering" genetics. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are fruit flies(Drosophila melanogaster) used most in research? |
|
Definition
- Small size
- High fecundity
- Short life span
- Stable population
- Selected meeting easily controlled |
|
|
Term
| This top Research company ____ uses fruit flies as its main research component. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Research on fruit flies by Bio-tech companies has mainly: |
|
Definition
| - Helped humans research Genetics, and increasing life expetancy |
|
|
Term
| This 19th century British Polymath said, "Risk of death grows as we age until finally reaching 100%" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should you buy Life Insurance? |
|
Definition
| When you are younger than older, because they begin to jack up the prices. |
|
|
Term
| What did Morgan and Muller do? |
|
Definition
| Morgan turned fruit fly into "Queen Bee" of genetics, and Muller discovered that X-rays and other forms of short wave radiation greatly increased the genetic mutation frequency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A deaf greek poet, who used insects in his poetry. 25 different insects are cited. |
|
|
Term
| Who was the founder of Entomology and gave the fundamental system of insect classification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two words (keys) classification system.
one based on wings, one based of head. |
|
|
Term
| What is an Arbor Disease? |
|
Definition
| Disease caused by a pathogen, specifically introduced by an Arthropod. includes Malaria and Baghdad "Boil" |
|
|
Term
| What has caused more deaths than wartime casualties in Baghdad conflict? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Cutaneous Leishmaniasis |
|
Definition
- A parasitic infection vectored by a fly
- Produces open sores that are gross and a long time in healing and can leave permanent scarring. |
|
|
Term
| What regions of the World did Locusts effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Grasshopper: stationary, solitary, light color, longer hind-legs, shorter wings,
Locust: migratory, live in groups, darker colored, short hind legs, long wings, |
|
|
Term
| Commonalities between Grasshopper and Locusts |
|
Definition
| Same order (orthoptera) in the same family (acrididae), Univoltine (produce 1 large brood per season), Hemimetabolous, both in egg stage during winter, found in every continent |
|
|
Term
| When did control programs for locusts become to be used |
|
Definition
1930's
- Prior to 1930's, they collected dead locusts from fields.
- government paid subsidies for collecting insects or insect larvae |
|
|
Term
| What did oregon rely on as a method of control to control grasshopper populations? |
|
Definition
Chemicals, pesticides
(sprayed in low human area density regions, Agricultural areas) |
|
|
Term
| What are the most frequently used chemicals for controlling grasshopper populations |
|
Definition
| Malathion, Penn-cap M, Sevin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduced Agent Area Treatment, reducing area sprayed with the pesticide for environmental reasons. |
|
|
Term
| What was the mortality rate of the Black Plague during the height of its epidemics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the symptons of the Black Plague? |
|
Definition
Swollen Lymph nodes
Chills
Ill feeling
High Fever
Muscle Cramps
Seizures
Pain
cough
Decay of Skin
Fatigue
Heavy Breathing
Vomitting
Urination of blood |
|
|
Term
| What were the theories behind the cause of the black plague? |
|
Definition
God was angry ~ Spread through the rain
The Jews were cursing everyone |
|
|
Term
| What political changes occurred due to Black Plague? |
|
Definition
Higher labor costs
Revolt of workers
Textile boom in later years
Renewed Interest in Religion/Death |
|
|
Term
| What routes did the black plague take? |
|
Definition
| Eastern Asia -> Western Europe |
|
|
Term
| What were the main carriers of the black Plague? |
|
Definition
| Rats riding the ship routes, Fleas |
|
|
Term
| When did the Bubonic Plague Die out? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When were the three waves of the bubonic Plague and what were mortality rates? |
|
Definition
1. Justinian Plague - 480 - 690AD (killed 5,00 0 per day)
2. 1059 - mid 1300's (33% mortality rate)
3. 16th - 17th century (16% of population dead) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Continental outbreak of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Localized outbreak of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Natural reservoirs of black plague within fields and forests
(Eg. California Ground Squirrel, DONT PET! may contain black plague) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bubonic - flea bite regquired
Pnemonic - Human to human transmission
Systemic - Direction infection of blood stream |
|
|
Term
| What is a deadly Triangle? |
|
Definition
| The cycle of Black Plague ridden fleas in which their vector includes Rats and humans, having a continual switch between both groups. |
|
|
Term
| Why is the mosquito the most dangerous animal in the world? |
|
Definition
Has the largest vector in which it will spread disease and contamininats to.
(Eg. Yellow Fever, Typhus, W. Nile virus) |
|
|
Term
| How did Yellow Fever Impact Trade? |
|
Definition
It caused the French to abandon both the Suz and Panama Canal projects.
U.S. took over and finished the jobs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacterial Pathogen carried humans and transferred by human body louse feces.
The disease is often called War fever, and jail fever.
Characterized by abdominal pain and hazy mind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did Napoleon's campaign to Russia Fail? |
|
Definition
| Typhus reduced the sized of napleon's army, causing their military strength to be reduced upon combating Russia. |
|
|
Term
| How did Typhoid Mary impact U.S. Immigration laws? |
|
Definition
| Typhoid Mary was a non-symptomatic carrier of typhus and entered the US without being screened for typhus. She infected many people as a cook. She was eventually quarantined. Her case ultimately resulted in all immigrants needing to be screened for diseases such as Typhus before being able to enter the USA. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most dangerous and important arbor disease today? |
|
Definition
Malaria
(infecting 300 million people, 5% of worlds population) |
|
|
Term
| In what region is Malaria most prominent? |
|
Definition
Sub-Saharan Africa
90% of malaria cases are here. |
|
|
Term
| What does "malaria" mean in Italian? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many Mosquito species are capable of vectoring Malaria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Poverty affect Malaria? |
|
Definition
| Poorer regions are more prone to be affected with Malaria. |
|
|
Term
| How do Insects (particularly social insects) influence war-fare? |
|
Definition
| Spears (stingers), Chemical poisons (venoms), the discipline of their social existence |
|
|
Term
| How are social insects used as weapons? |
|
Definition
| Cluster bombs, many insects in small space cause massive damage. |
|
|
Term
| What social insects were used as weapons in Medieval Europe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a Bee Bole and how was it used? |
|
Definition
| Contained massive bee hives which were pushed out onto enemy ranks. |
|
|
Term
| How long have insects been used in warfare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What principle was used in Cu Chi during the Vietnam war against the US troops? |
|
Definition
| we set up some of these hives in the trees alongside the road leading from an ARVN post to our village. We covered them over with sticky paper from which strings lead to a bamboo trap we set on the road. The next time an enemy patrol came, they disturbed the trap and the paper was torn from the hive. The bees attacked immediately; the troops ran like mad buffalo and started falling into our spiked punji traps. They left carrying and dragging their wounded." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German mercenary soldiers hired by the british in the 18th century. |
|
|
Term
| Hessian troops were often accused of what? |
|
Definition
| Sabotaging food production by introducing hessian flies into wheat fields, killing off a large portion of the crop. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Gypsy Moth native to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What order is the Gypsy Moth a part of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who entered the Gypsy Moth into the U.S. and when? |
|
Definition
| Leopold Trouvelot ca. 1866, Medford Massachusetts. (escaped a lab in his home by accident) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Gypsy moth localized within the U.S. currently? |
|
Definition
| 13 different states, INCLUDING OREGON! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When bugs use silk to hang from limbs then be flown around with the wind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Male and Female are distinctly different.
(Males lighter can fly, females darker cannot fly) |
|
|
Term
| What are the non-chemical preventative measures against gypsy moth spread? |
|
Definition
- Destruction of Egg nests
- Quarantines
- Natural Enemies: 10 species of parasites, flies and wasps
- Natural Enemies: 1 species of predaceous beetle.
- Trapping
- Pathogens: Sex attractant pheromones
- Genetic Controls |
|
|
Term
| What are the chemical controls used against Gypsy Moths? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three ways that trappings are used with gypsy moth populations? |
|
Definition
- Detection
- Delimiting
- Control |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps the Oregon Department of Agriculture are taking to decrease popuations of gypsy moths? |
|
Definition
1) Quarantines
2) Public Education
3) Statewide Detection
4) Application of pesticides to known infestations
5) Mass Trapping
6) Identification of human migrants from known gypsy moth areas |
|
|
Term
| When and where was the Asian Gypsy moth detected? |
|
Definition
| British Columbia , Washington , Oregon July-August 1991 |
|
|
Term
| How were the Asian Gypsy Moths introduced into the U.S? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many millions of dollars per year would Washington lose if gypsy moths took over their state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diet of the Asian Gypsy Moth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does APHIS stand for? What do they do? |
|
Definition
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
a multi-faceted Agency with a broad mission area that includes protecting and promoting U.S. agricultural health, regulating genetically engineered organisms, administering the Animal Welfare Act and carrying out wildlife damage management activities. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Behavior Difference between the Asian Gypsy Moth and the Eurasian Gypsy Moth? |
|
Definition
Asian Gypsy Moth - Females can fly 20-30 miles, prefer Conifers,
Eurasian Gypsy Moth - Females cannot fly, Eat anything. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Colorado Potato Beetle, immigrated to West by 17th century Spanish Conquistadors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spotted Wing Drosophila, (newest plague to the Pacific North West, eating all fruit) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, (feeds off wide range of plants, making it potentially more economically damaging than SWD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Buffalo Bur, or Kansas Thistle), native of meso-america. (followed the beetle) |
|
|
Term
| Where do CPB's lay there eggs and when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Both - brightly colored, adult has warning colors.
Both adult and Larvae are defoliators. |
|
|
Term
| When did the CPB become a pest? |
|
Definition
| When potatoes where introduced back to the new world by the Irish during the Potato Famine. |
|
|
Term
| Who discovered CPB in the U.S? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the underlying reasons why problems like CPB develop? |
|
Definition
| Trade to and from regions, and invasive species dominates. |
|
|
Term
| Which Invasive insect switched hosts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Invasive insect affects small fruit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Invasive Insect affects Fruit, Vegetables and Nurseries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Oregon's State Insect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is fenders Blue's and Oregon Silverspot endagered status Ironic? |
|
Definition
| Trying to protect Trees, but while protecting trees, we endanger the butterflies because we took away the low plants they fed on. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of APHIS and the EPA? |
|
Definition
- To protect environment's animals, plants from invasive species.
- Regulate laws that enforce transport of insects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The use of insects and their arthropod relatives that inhabit decomposing remains to aid in legal investigations. |
|
|
Term
| Three ways in which Forensic Entomology can solve a case |
|
Definition
1) Can give time of death
2) Can give location of death
3) Movement of Corpse after death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
International treaty to regulate endangered plants and animals
(Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of wild Fauna and Flora) |
|
|
Term
| Semiochemicals VS Pheromones |
|
Definition
| Semiochemicals - a generic term used for a chemical substance or mixture that carries a message. These chemicals acts as messengers within or between species. Includes: Pheromones, Allomones and Kairomones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical signal released to outside of the body that effects the physiology or behavior of a receiving individual of the same species. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two modes of action for pheromones? |
|
Definition
1) Releasers - immediate effect on the central nervous system & behavior of the receiving animal.
2) Primers - Triggers a chain of physiological-development that may take days or even weeks before an overt response is seen. |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of pheromones and how do they work? |
|
Definition
Sex Pheromones - gender attraction
Trail Pheromones - used for orientation
Alarm Pheromones - Defense, recruitment
Aggregation pheromones - signals for food source.
Social Pheromones - suppresses ovarian development by daughters, keeps them from replacing her. |
|
|
Term
| How can sex pheromones improve food quality? |
|
Definition
| Keeps crops clear, distracts insects from crops. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Herbivore Induced Plant Volatile)
- Produced by plants when herbivores feed on them, pulls in natural enemies and increases bio-control
(E.g. Wintergreen) |
|
|
Term
| What are the limitations of Wheat, Rice and Corn? |
|
Definition
| availability of Ariable Land, not very diverse, |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important change in Cultural Development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the "Big Three Crops?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of the world's diet is plant based vs animal based |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many plant species are edible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many plant species are actively cultivated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many of the actively cultivated plant species in the world proved 75% of the world's food supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Colonial Repositories? |
|
Definition
| Contain all the seeds/genomes of all arable plant species. |
|
|
Term
| How important are Pest Insects in Food production? |
|
Definition
| Insects account for 20% of crop losses AFTER pesticide use. |
|
|
Term
| What are the Primary causes for crop production losses? |
|
Definition
| Climate, Soil Fertility, Pests |
|
|
Term
| Where are food production problems the most troublesome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Characteristics of first world Agriculture? |
|
Definition
Specialization
-By individuals and corporations
Elevated Energy/Production Inputs
- fertilizers, pesticides
Production farmers a minority
- removed from our food production, have no idea of food production impact on our economy/environment |
|
|
Term
| How will loss of pesticides affect the economy? |
|
Definition
| Insects will out compete us for food, we will starve as we dont have a good food source. Economic Plummet and less healthy foods. |
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|
