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Definition
| Compostion of a gene example PP, Pp or pp |
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Definition
| physical appearance of an organism |
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| Alternative forms of a gene and are located on chromosomes locus |
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Definition
| The one control the offspring apperance example P is dominant |
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Definition
| The trait that doesn't have a say in appearance of offspring example p |
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Definition
| Two different alleles for a gene produce two different phenotypes in the heterozygotes |
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Definition
| Heterozygotes may show an intermediate phenotype For example red and white snapdragons cross and produce pink snap dragons may sound like blending theory but not |
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Definition
| One gene makes the expression of a different gene for a different trait. or cover or alter antoher gene |
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Definition
| Single alleles that have more than one phenotypic effect (very Common) |
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| Law of Segregation (Mendel's First Law) |
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Definition
| Genes separate Gamete receive allele |
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| Law of independent Assortment (Mendal's second law) |
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Definition
| Alleles of different genes goes to gametes independently of each other Parental traits appear |
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Term
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Definition
| Cross an unknown with a homozygous recessive it should be used when you have a dominant phenotype but unknown genotype |
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Definition
| Both Alleles for a trait are the same in an individual. They can be homozygous dominant (YY) or homozygous recessive (yy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Differing Alleles for a trait in an individual, such as Yy |
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Term
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Definition
| Trait controlled by multiple genes |
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Term
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Definition
| X and Y in Mammal Female XX Males XY Sex of the offspring is determined by the sperm and in Birds Males are XX and Females are XY sex is determined by the egg |
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Term
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Definition
| Y carries few traits X carrie over 2,000 Female two copies of X and Males One copy of X |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows the phenotypes of several different generations. Used mostly in clinical evaluation with patients with inherited abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
| Discovered the Transforming Principle in the 1920s |
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Term
| Avery Maclead and Mc Carty |
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Definition
| 1944 Followed up on Griffth's work and discovered that the Transforming Principle was DNA |
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Term
| Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase |
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Definition
| 1952 Confirmed that DNA is the genetic material using the blending experiment |
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Term
| Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins |
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Definition
| 1950s X ray Crystallography Provided key information about the structure of DNA and suggested a spiral or helical structure |
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Term
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Definition
| 1950 Purines=Pyrimidines A=T and G=C Through observation sugessted base pairing of DNA |
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Term
| James Watson and Francis Clark |
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Definition
| 1953 Built the general structure of DNA (double Helix) with past historians works helped them conclude to the structure |
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Term
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Definition
| 1956 Demonstrated that DNA contains the information needed for it's own replication |
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Term
| Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahi |
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Definition
| Proved that DNA replication is Semiconservative |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of 5 carbon sugar differs only in nitrogenous bases A,G,C,T, |
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Term
| Semiconservative Replication |
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Definition
| Produces two strands of DNA that contained the Original strand and New Strand. It was discovered by the procedure of Density Labeling. Heavy band mixed with normal nitrogen made intermediate band and then it replicated again and made a intermediate band and light band |
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Term
| Synthesis of Leading and Lagging strand of DNA |
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Definition
| Okazaki Fragment requires an RNA Primer strand DNA polymerase III synthesizes DNA starting from 3 end of the new primer to the Okazaki fragment DNA polymerase I replaces the RNA primer of the Okazaki Fragment with DNA. DNA Ligase catalyzes formation of the phosphodiester linkage that joins the two Okazaki fragments |
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Term
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Definition
| Replicates from a single origin Two interlocking circular DNAs are formed |
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Term
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Definition
| Have many origins Can have hundreds of oris and replication occurs at all of them simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| Corrects errors during the replication process |
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Term
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Definition
| Scans andd repairs errors after replication Picks up what ever DNA polymerase missed |
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Term
| Excision repair mechanism |
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Definition
| operates over the life of the cell Repairs errors that result from chemical or radiation damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Formulated the one gene one enzyme hypothesis |
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| Central Dogma of Molecular Biology |
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Definition
| DNA codes for RNA and RNA codes for Protein |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Requires a promoter Not all promoters are identical Prokaryotic promoters are different than Eukaryotic promoters |
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Term
| Elongation (Transcription) |
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Definition
| Making the RNA strand Unwinds the DNA about 10 base pairs at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| Where it stops Two things can happen the transcript can fall away or a helper protein pulls the transcript away |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Attaches to the mRNA A charged tRNA binds to start codon The small subunit of the ribosome binds to the ribosomal binding site to the actual start codon then the large subunit then joins the complex |
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Term
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Definition
| The next Charged tRNA enters open site then the large subunit breaks a bond and forms a bond with the amino acid and the tRNA in the open site After the first tRNA releases methionine and dissociates and the 2nd tRNA takes over |
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Term
| Termination (Translation) |
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Definition
| UAA, UAG or UGA enters the A site it binds to protein release factor. This breaks the bond between the polypeptide chain and the tRNA in the P site The new protein seperates from the ribosome. The ribosome falls away from the mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Use RNA rather than DNA as their genectic material. They convert it to DNA in a host cell and then use it to make more RNA Bacteria Uses this process |
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Term
| Post Transcriptional Processing |
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Definition
| RNA produced at the end of Transcription, Has a lot of non-coding regions and will be modified to produce mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| JUNK RNA will be cut out of pre-mRNA non coding regions |
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Term
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Definition
| coding regions Make up the final mRNA template |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence of bases in a gene, specify the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| AUG which codes for methionline also the initation signal for translation |
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Term
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Definition
| More than one codon can code for one amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Each codon codes for only one amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Charge the tRNAs Link the right tRNAs and amino acids |
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Term
| Codon-anticodon interactions |
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Definition
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Term
| Ribosomes Role in translation |
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Definition
| Workbench It holds mRNA and tRNAs in the right position. Small subunit validates the carbon-anticodon match. The large subunit has three sites where tRNa bind too A(amino acid) P(polypeptide) E(exit) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutation of a single nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| No change in the amonio acids in the protiens when the altered mRNA is translated |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes an amino acid substitution (Sickle Cell anemia) |
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Term
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Definition
| The base subsitution causes a stop codon to form in the mRNA this results in a shorten protein (not functional) |
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Term
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Definition
| Insertion or Deletion of a single base causes a shift in the reading frame (non functional protein) |
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Term
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Definition
| Extensive changes in the genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of part of the chromosome consequences can be severe |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosome has double the amount of a particular section one of the pair would've deletion and the other duplication |
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Term
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Definition
| A part of the chromosome broken off turned upside down and reattached Proteins would not be functional |
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Term
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Definition
| A part of one chromosome breaks off and is inserted into another Can either be reciprocal (DNA Swap) or non reciprocal (down syndrome) |
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Term
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Definition
| Permanent changes that occur without outside influence (errors in replication) |
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Term
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Definition
| Permanent changes caused by some outside agent (chemicals and radiation) |
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