Term
Respiratory System
The pathway that air travels: |
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Definition
Nostril
Nasal Cavity
Mouth
Larynx
pharynx
trachea
L/R main Bronchus
Right Lung
Diaphram |
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Term
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Definition
1. Ventilation
2. Gas exchange (CO2 out, O2 in)
3. Gas Transport: O2 goes from blood into cells; CO2 comes out of cells
4. Gas Exchange: (o2 in, CO2 out)
5. Cellular Respiration: |
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Term
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Definition
| ventilation moves air in & out of lungs for gas exchange with blood and alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| gas exchange between blood & tissues; O2 used by tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
Trachea
Primary Bronchus
Terminal Bronchioles
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Sacs
Alveolus |
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Term
| Gas exchange occurs across |
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Definition
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Term
Thoracic Cavity:
Parietal Pleurae-
Visceral Pleurae-
Interapleaura Space- |
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Definition
Parietal Pleurea: attaches to rib cavity
Visceral Plearea: connects to lungs
Interapleaural Space: between visceral and patietal |
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Term
| How does ventilation happen? |
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Definition
| changes depending on the pressure differences brought by lung volume |
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Term
| Influences of ventilation: |
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Definition
| Compliance, Elasticity, & Surface Tension |
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Term
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Definition
Pressure= 1/Volume
when volume changes, it changes pressure
increase volume->lower pressure
Decrease volume--> increase pressure |
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Term
| Inspiration vs Expiration |
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Definition
Inspiration-> pressure is low
Expiration-> pressure is high |
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Term
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Definition
external intercostals
Sternocleiodomastoid |
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Term
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Definition
Internal intercostals(does most of the work)
Diaphram
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Transverse Abdominis
Rectus Abdominis |
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Term
| Inspiration (quiet breathing): |
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Definition
occurs mainly b/c diaphragm contracts increasing thoracic volume
External Intercostals contribute to inspiration by raising ribs lightly |
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Term
Inspiration:
Deep Breathing |
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Definition
| contraction of external intercostals, pectoralis minor & sternocleidomastoid to elevate ribs |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles |
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Term
| How inspiration effects pressure: |
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Definition
| inspiration makes the volume bigger which makes the pressure decrease |
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Term
| How expiration effects pressure |
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Definition
| expiration makes the volume decrease which increases pressure |
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Definition
| keeps lungs inflated while pressed against the lung walls |
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Term
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Definition
regular breathing patterns:
volume of air expired in each breath during quiet breathing |
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Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume |
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Definition
| volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| sum of inspiratory reserve, tidal volume, & expiratory reserve |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
78.09% Nitrogen
20.95% Oxygen
0.03% Carbon Dioxide
0.93% Inert Gases (argon etc) |
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Term
| Atmospheric Pressure Equation at sea level |
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Definition
| P ATM=PN2+PO2+PCO2+PH2O=760 |
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Term
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Definition
| equal to sum of pressures each gas in the mixture would exert independently. |
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Term
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Definition
| the pressure that a gas in a mixture exerts independently |
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Term
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Definition
| the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressure of each gas in the mixture |
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Term
| When is the amount of pO2 maximum |
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Definition
| when blood & alveolar air are at equilibrium. |
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Term
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Definition
when a gas and liquid are in contact the amount of gas dissolved in the liquid depends on
1. solubility of gas (O2) in the liquid (blood)(a constant)
2. temperature of the liquid (blood)(a constant)
3. Partial Pressure of the Gas (O2) (which varies) |
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Term
| Mechanisms of O2 transport in the delivery of O2 to the... |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood pO2 and pCO2 Measurements |
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Definition
Normal pO2 of arterial blood = 100mmHg
Normal pO2 of venous blood = 40 mm Hg
pCO2 in systemic veins = 46 mm Hg |
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Term
| What happens when you go underwater? |
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Definition
| every 10 Meters you go below sea level you will gain 1 ATM |
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Term
| what happens to Nitrogen at sea lavel |
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Definition
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Term
| At pressure, where does nitrogen dissolve |
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Definition
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Term
| brain stem respiratory center controls |
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Definition
| inhalation and exhalation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
changes in pCO2 and pO2 in the arteriol blood.
Central chemoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| in medulla: regulates pCO2 |
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Term
| peripheral chemoreceptors: |
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Definition
| in large arteries near the heart (aortic bodies) and Carotids (coratid bodies) |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in pCO2 caused by rapid increase in deep breathing |
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Term
| pCO at normal ventilation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| much more CO2 is expelled from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| stop of breathing or hold breath, CO2 increases |
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Term
| What part of the brain triggers a change in our breathing patterns? |
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Definition
| medulla-triggers our deeper breathing until it brings our pCO2 down to a normal level |
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Term
blood PH is...
with excess CO2 |
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Definition
about 7.2
it moves the pH to be slightly acidic |
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Term
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Definition
| modify ventilation to maintain normal CO2, O2, and pH levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| hyperventilation causes low CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| hypoventilation causes high CO2 |
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Term
| Brain Chemoreceptors are responsible for the greatest effects on ventilation... |
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Definition
-H+ can't cross blood brain barrier but CO2 can, which i why CO2 is monitored and has greatest effects
-Rate and Depth of ventilation adjusted to maintain arterial pCO2 of 40 mmHG
-peripheral chemoreceptors nly respond to H+ levels and pH |
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Term
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Definition
| low blood pO2 has little affect on ventilation |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Hemoglobin & O2 Transport |
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Definition
1. loading of Hb with O2 occurs in lungs
2. Unloading of O2 from Hb occurs in tissues
3. Affinity of Hb for O2 changes with a number of physiological varribles |
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Term
| each Hemoglobin can carry... |
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Definition
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Definition
most O2 in blood is bound to Hb inside RBC
each RBC has 280 million molecules of Hb
Hb greatly increases O@ carrying capacity of blood |
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Term
Dissociation Curve:
shift right if... |
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Definition
temp, CO2, and acidity are high
causes hemoglobin to unload more O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| affinity decreases when either pH decreases or temp increases |
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Term
| Dissociation Curve is effected by... |
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Definition
| changes in Hb-O2 affinity caused by pH and temp |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2,3-DPG (diphosphoglyceric acid) |
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Definition
| is a by-product of glycolysis (anaerobic Respiration) found in RBC (which have no mitochondria so they cant respire aerobically) |
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Term
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Definition
| HB to have a higher O2 affinity and curve the shift to the left |
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Term
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Definition
| hb to have lower O2 affinity and shift curves to the right |
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Term
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Definition
| when total blood Hb levels low, DPG production raised, causing right shift and increased unloading |
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Term
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Definition
blood pO2 and HbO2 are low
DPG production raised, causing right shift and increased unloading |
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Term
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Definition
extracts O2 from oxygenated maternal hemoglobin (HbA) across the placenta
o2 is transferred b/c HbF has a higher oxygen affinity that HbA.
The oxygen saturation curve of HbF is left-shifted in comparison to the same curve in HbA. this helps transfer oxygen from HbA to HbF |
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Definition
transports less O2 and is painful, makes difficult for passing thru narrow blood vessels.
Reduces blood flow to organs and produces symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
has only one globin which means it can only bind one O2.
has higher affinity for O2 than Hb: extreme shift to the left.
Releases O2 only at low pO2
serves in O2 storage for muscles |
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Term
| Oxygen Movement in pulmonary capilaries: |
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Definition
atmosphere (inspired O2)
alveoli (O2)
through capillary wall
Plasma (dissolved O2)
Erythrocytes (dissolved O2+Hb) -> (HbO2) |
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Term
| Oxygen movement in tissue capillaries |
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Definition
Enythrocytes (HbO2-> Hb+dissolved O2)
plasma (dissolved O2)
through capillary wall
Interstitial Fluid (dissolved O2)
Cells (O2 used in mitochondria) |
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Term
| CO2 Movement in tissue capillaries |
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Definition
Cells (CO2 produced)
Interstitial Fluid (dissolved CO2)
through capillary wall
Plasma (some CO2 remains dissolved,CL-goes out and HCO3- goes in from erythrocyte
Erythrocytes (some CO2 remains dissolved, dissolved CO2 +Hb->HbCO2
+H2O->H2CO3->C=HCO3 and H+ |
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