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Bhuvana Test 2
Bhuvana Test 2
119
Biology
11th Grade
10/12/2008

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Term
Monosaccharide
Definition
The simplest carbohydrate or simple sugar, generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of CH2O
Term
Disaccharide
Definition
double sugars
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles.
polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide's joined by glycosidic linkages
Term
Structure of Glucose
Definition
These 2 ring forms differ in whether the hydroxyl group attached to the number 1 carbon is fixed above (beta glucose) of below (alpha glucose) the ring plane
ii. Alpha:
iii. Beta glucose: The only function of beta glucose in nature is to protect the plants cell
Term
Difference between Starch and Cellulose
Definition
Starch can be eaten, but cellulose is not digestible by the human body. Starch is broken down into glucose to sustain the body, but the body is not equipped with the enzymes that can break down cellulose into glucose. The enzymes which convert cellulose into glucose are found in the bodies of termites, which feed on wood, and cattle, which eat grass. Cellulose is stronger than starch.
Term
Starch
Definition
a storage polysaccharide
Term
Cellulose
Definition
major component of the tough wall of plant cells
Term
Formation of a Glycosidic Bond
Definition
Two simple sugars are joined by a dehydration reaction (a reaction in which water is removed). Then the C-O bonds to the C creating a COC bond
Term
Components of a Fat Molecule
Definition
Phospholipid molecule: have 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol and a phosphate group at the third position
Cholesterol: Steroids are lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused carbon rings
Term
Phospholipid Molecule
Definition
have 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol and a phosphate group at the third position
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
Steroids are lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused carbon rings, Cholesterol is also the precursor from which all other steroids are synthesized
Term
Formation of an ester bond
Definition
In biological molecules you find ester bonds in lipids where the carboxyl group of a fatty acid reacts with the hydroxyl group of triglycerol.
Term
Difference between Saturated and unsaturated fats
Definition
Saturated fats: All valences of carbon are satisfied by H
Solid at room temperature Unsaturated Fats: contains double bonded carbon atoms
Liquid at room temperature
Term
Saturated Fats
Definition
All valences of carbon are satisfied by H Solid at room temperature
Term
Unsaturated Fats
Definition
contains double bonded carbon atoms
Liquid at room temperature
Term
Protein Structure
Definition
A functional proteins consists of one or more polypeptides that have been precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape
Term
Protein Function
Definition
Structural support, Storage, Transport of other substances, Intercellular signaling, Movement,Defense against foreign substances Enzymes in a cell: most of proteins come from this category Regulate metabolism
Term
Types of Amino Acids
Definition
All protein polymers are constructed from the same set of 20 monomers, called amino acids
Term
Formation of a Peptide Bond
Definition
i. when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, thereby releasing a molecule of water (H2O). The resulting CO-NH bond is called a peptide bond, and the resulting molecule is an amide
Term
Primary Protein Structure
Definition
its unique sequence of amino acids
Term
Secondary Protein Structure
Definition
results from hydrogen bonds at regular intervals along the polypeptide backbone, bonding between peptide bonds H-N-C
Term
Tertiary Protein Structures
Definition
has both alpha helixes and beta sheets
Bonding between r groups
Term
Quaternary Protein Structures
Definition
multiple polypeptide chains Covalent bonds between R-Groups
Term
Components in a Nucleic Acid
Definition
Each nucleotide consists of 3 parts: a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
Term
Formation of a Phosphodiester Bond
Definition
p. the 5th carbon is connected to the 3rd carbon forming a strong carbon

O
i) C-O-P-O-C
Term
Difference between DNA and RNA
Definition
i. DNA: only has an H bonded to the 2nd C, uses Thymine
RNA: has a OH bonded to the 2nd C, uses Uracil
Term
Purines
Definition
A, G., Made up of a double ring structure
Term
Pyridimines
Definition
C,T,U, Made up of only one ring
Term
5' to the 3'
Definition
DNA must be read from the 5' to the 3' end
Term
Light Microscope
Definition
Smallest object with light microscope is 500 mm.
Term
Resolving Power
Definition
the ability of a microscope or telescope to measure the angular separation of images that are close together
Term
Transmitting Electron Microscope
Definition
2D but can show the interior of a something, Only black and white pictures, Chamber is made out of lead., Electronic gun: spew out electrons for a second. Are at the top of lead chamber., Don't want hitting the sides, Series of Electromagnets that direct the electrons towards the specimen., Microtome: can make slices of the cell to use as a sample, Must coat sample with gold or platinum
Place sample in slot
Term
Scanning Electron Microscope
Definition
Gives a 3D pictures but only the topography of the cell: outside, Cannot see the interior, Black and white
The electron gun moves
Term
Cell Fractionation
Definition
i. Centrifigation: Differential Centrification
1) Take cells then HOMOGENIZATION: break the plasma membrane/cell wall to release the content of the cell
a) Use mild detergent or ultrasound
b) Cytoplasmic Extract: used to see what is in the cell
c) Low speeds: 1000 rpm: the plasma membrane comes out
d) 2000 rpm: the nucleus comes out
e) 5000 rpm: the mitochondria come down
f) RNA will not come down until about 50,000 rpm
Term
Differential Centrifugation
Definition
Centrifuge the cells, until all that remains is the DNA, the heavier stuff falls out first
Term
Prokaryotic
Definition
1) have nucleoids
2) Simple/small
3) Organelles are not membrane bound
Term
Eukaryotic Cells
Definition
1) have a defined nucleus
2) More complex/large
3) Membrane bound organelles
Term
Cytosol
Definition
gel like, colloidal: water and lipid loving molecules,
Term
Nucleus
Definition
double membrane system
a) Two bi-lipid layers
b) Nucleoplasmic space
c) Nucleoplasm: solution that makes us the nucleus
d) 46 pieces of DNA spread out: because of gravity DNA should go to the bottom; the way we do it is
i) Nuclear Lamina: intermediate filaments, keep DNA spread out
One. Wiry network of wires, DNA gets entangled in the wiring
e) DNA contains genes
f) Nucleolus: single membrane bound, and it has its own DNA molecules
i) Function is that this DNA codes for ribosomes and ribosomal RNA: both of these are involved in protein synthesis
Term
Nucleoplasm
Definition
solution that makes us the nucleus
d) 46 pieces of DNA spread out: because of gravity DNA should go to the bottom; the way we do it is
Term
Nuclear Lamina
Definition
intermediate filaments, keep DNA spread out
One. Wiry network of wires, DNA gets entangled in the wiring
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
single membrane bound, and it has its own DNA molecules
i) Function is that this DNA codes for ribosomes and ribosomal RNA: both of these are involved in protein synthesis
Term
Endomembrane System
Definition
Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Complex,Transport Vesicle, and Plasma Membrane
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
membrane is continuously moving like a soap bubble
1) Rough: has ribosomes embedded in it: protein synthesis
a) Membrane proteins and secretory proteins
b) Cisternae: where the proteins are made
i)
2) Smooth: no ribosomes:
a) used for lipid metabolism
b) Toxic Waste removal
3) Invagination: nucleus forming the ER.
Term
Rough ER
Definition
has ribosomes embedded in it: protein synthesis
a) Membrane proteins and secretory proteins
b) Cisternae: where the proteins are made
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
Term
Invagination
Definition
nucleus forming the ER.
Term
Transport Vesicle
Definition
: transports molecules from point A to point B
a) Cisternae: where proteins are made
b) Protein, like insulin goes to the finger and the membranes pinch off the tip forming a transport vesicle.
Term
Cisternae
Definition
where proteins are made
Term
Golgi Complex
Definition
a) Cis: arrival side of the golgi complex
b) Trans: departure side of complex
c) The protein pinches onto the Cis, then gets activated then pinched off of the trans side.
Term
Cis
Definition
arrival side of the golgi complex
Term
Trans
Definition
departure side of complex
Term
Plasma membrane
Definition
The membranes of the nucleus and the plasma membrane are reversed
1) Because that’s the only way that the cell could survive and let proteins out.
2) The insulin black bonds with the inside black of the pm then the inside blue forms with the outside black, and the insulin is then thrown out.
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
carries out Krebs cycle- in order to make ATP
1) Has its own DNA
a) Why they can self replicate
2) Double membrane system, have nothing to do with the nucleus membrane,
a) A bacteria membrane
3) Membrane 2: is invaginated: its folded inside
a) The DNA is present in here
i) 35 to 40 genes
ii) Circular DNA
b) Embedded on the inner membrane are the enzymes required for the Krebs cycle
c) Cristae: the space between the folds of the 2nd membrane
Term
Double Membrane System of mitochondria
Definition
, have nothing to do with the nucleus membrane,
a) A bacteria membrane
Term
Cristae
Definition
the space between the folds of the 2nd membrane
Term
Chloroplast
Definition
once upon a time a bacteria
1) 2 membranes: both smooth
a) Outer:
b) Inner:
2) Grana: stacks of molecules, all grana are interconnected
3) Thylakoid: every individual circle within the grana
a) Chlorophyll pigments are embedded in the thylakoid,
b) Her light energy is converted into ATP
4) Stroma: cytoplasm inside
Term
Grana
Definition
stacks of molecules, all grana are interconnected
Term
Thylakoid
Definition
every individual circle within the grana
a) Chlorophyll pigments are embedded in the thylakoid,
b) Her light energy is converted into ATP
Term
Stroma
Definition
cytoplasm inside
Term
Microtubules
Definition
empty cylinders that are running all over cell
1) Tubulin: folded into a ball like structure, Made up of a single protein that are joined together
2) OOOOOOOOOO
3) Wrap the string around an imaginary cylinder
4) Assembly and disassembly are energy free
5) Transport: major function
6) Centrioles: when DNA is in the metaphase, centrioles are required, or you could have uneven distribution of the chromosomes
a) Microtubulin proteins in a 9-pair system
7) Movement
a) Flagella/Cilia
b) Flagella: nothing but a long extension of the plasma membrane
i) Tubulin molecules are arranged like a weave with 9 pairs of Tubulin, with one in the middle and they are all connected to the 10th one that’s in the middle
Term
Centrioles
Definition
when DNA is in the metaphase, centrioles are required, or you could have uneven distribution of the chromosomes
Term
Flagella
Definition
nothing but a long extension of the plasma membrane
i) Tubulin molecules are arranged like a weave with 9 pairs of Tubulin, with one in the middle and they are all connected to the 10th one that’s in the middle
Term
Microtubule formation
Definition
a) Microtubulin proteins in a 9-pair circled around 2 system
Term
Microfilaments
Definition
a single wiring,
a) Functions
i) Shape, or change shape
(a) Macrophages pick up foreign agents
ii) Cytoplasmic streaming in plants
b) Actin protein OOOOOOOOOOOO
Term
Intermediate filaments
Definition
a) In between a microtubule and microfilaments
b) A rope like structure
c) Permanent part of a cell: never broken an reformed
Term
Cilia
Definition
are smaller hair like structures extending out
(a) High energy required for it to move: ATP
Term
Plant Cell Communication
Definition
a) Plasmodeometa: like gap junctions
a) No cells in plants that do not communicate with each other
b) The plasma membrane of one joins to the plasma membrane of another
c) Entire plant shares cytoplasm: call cytoplasmic streaming
Term
Plasmodeometa
Definition
: selective
i) Very specific only let a certain type of molecule through
ii) Open communication
Term
Cell Wall formation
Definition
a) Cellulose is made inside the cell then thrown out, then slowly the primary layer starts forming, as the cell ages the cell wall thickens
Term
Extracellular matrix protein and Glycoproteins
Definition
a) The space between 2 cells
i. 80% is made up of Glycoprotein: sugar + protein combination: more protein
ii. Proteoglycan: also means protein and sugar combination: more sugar
iii. Collagen: about 40% of human weight
iv. Fibronectin: common glycoprotein that connect collagen to plasma membrane
v. Integrin protein: helps communication between the ECM and the interior cell
Term
Glycoprotein
Definition
sugar + protein combination: more protein
Term
Protoglycan
Definition
also means protein and sugar combination: more sugar
Term
Protoglycan
Definition
also means protein and sugar combination: more sugar
Term
Fibronectin
Definition
common glycoprotein that connect collagen to plasma membrane
Term
Integrin Protein
Definition
helps communication between the ECM and the interior cell
Term
Junctions in Animal cells
Definition
a) Gap Junction: selective
i) Very specific only let a certain type of molecule through
ii) Open communication
b) Tight Junction: no communication
c) Desmosomes: or anchor junctions:
i) Like skin cells
ii) The cells are all connected together, they are always in contact
Term
Gap Junction
Definition
selective
i) Very specific only let a certain type of molecule through
ii) Open communication
Term
Tight Junction
Definition
no communication
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
or anchor junctions:
i) Like skin cells
ii) The cells are all connected together, they are always in contact
Term
Single Membrane Sacs
Definition
a) Originate from the golgi complex
b) Lysosome: has a single black membrane like the outer membrane of nucleus
i) Has a digestive enzymes that break down all macromolecules
i) pH= 3
ii) Very acidic
c) Peroxysomes: an organelle that is responsible for the removal of hydrogen ions
i) Enzyme that converts 2H2O2 into water and oxygen
d) Vacuoles: 3 varieties
i) Storage: where we store, varieties of molecules
i) Starch: leucoplast
ii) Pigments: Chromoplasts
ii) Central: seen only in plants
i) All plants cells have this.
ii) When it is dehydrated the vacuole is small but when water is added the membrane of vacuole fills up like balloon
iii) Tonoplast: membrane of vacuole
iii) Contractile Vacuole: seen only in marine organisms, those that live in water.
i) Like a pump, ATP requiring pump that pumps excess water out of the cell
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
has a single black membrane like the outer membrane of nucleus
i) Has a digestive enzymes that break down all macromolecules
i) pH= 3
ii) Very acidic
Term
Peroxysomes
Definition
an organelle that is responsible for the removal of hydrogen ions
i) Enzyme that converts 2H2O2 into water and oxygen
Term
Vacuoles
Definition
3 varieties
i) Storage: where we store, varieties of molecules
i) Starch: leucoplast
ii) Pigments: Chromoplasts
ii) Central: seen only in plants
i) All plants cells have this.
ii) When it is dehydrated the vacuole is small but when water is added the membrane of vacuole fills up like balloon
iii) Tonoplast: membrane of vacuole
iii) Contractile Vacuole: seen only in marine organisms, those that live in water.
i) Like a pump, ATP requiring pump that pumps excess water out of the cell
Term
Storage Vacuole
Definition
where we store, varieties of molecules
i) Starch: leucoplast
ii) Pigments: Chromoplasts
Term
Central Vacuole
Definition
seen only in plants
i) All plants cells have this.
ii) When it is dehydrated the vacuole is small but when water is added the membrane of vacuole fills up like balloon
iii) Tonoplast: membrane of vacuole
Term
Contractile Vacuole
Definition
seen only in marine organisms, those that live in water.
i) Like a pump, ATP requiring pump that pumps excess water out of the cell
Term
a. What types of molecules can pass through the plasma membrane unaided? Why?
Definition
Small and hydrophobic
Term
b. What types of molecules need transport proteins?
Definition
Small and Hydrophillic
Term
c. What are two physical methods for transport?
Definition
Passive and Active Transport
Term
What is diffusion?
Definition
a) The flow of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Term
What is a concentration gradient
Definition
a) The way the diffusion is flowing
Term
What is the difference between passive and active transport?
Definition
a) Passive transport requires no ATP while active transport does
Term
What is Osmosis?
Definition
The diffusion of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Term
Hypertonic Osmosis
Definition
high solute
i) More on the outside of the cell than on the inside of the cell
Term
Hypotonic Osmosis
Definition
low solute
i) Less solute on the outside than on the inside
Term
Isotonic Osmosis
Definition
equal solute
i) Equal on the inside and the outside of the cell
ii) Healthiest Condition for the animal cell
iii) Plant: then it is a Flacid Cells: what happens when the plant droops/sags,
One. No water is coming in or going out
Term
What happens if Animal and plant cells are placed in a hypertonic solution
Definition
i) Causes cell death: the water leaks out of the cell
ii) Plasmolysis: plant cell can come back to life unless all of the liquid is drawn out
Term
What happens if plant and animal cells are placed in a hypotonic solution
Definition
Term
What is facillitated solution
Definition
use of proteins to move stuff into the cell, high con. To low con.
Term
Gated Channel diffusion
Definition
Used for moving ions across, Signal: neurotransmitter signal will bond to a receptor and the gate will open, when the signal is destroyed the gate will close
Term
Uniport Diffusion
Definition
transports only one molecule across, Very specific
Term
Symport diffusion
Definition
two molecules across
Term
Antiport soln
Definition
those where one molecule moves inside another one moves out, at the same time
Term
What is active transport
Definition
the exact opposite, the solute moves from an area of low to area of high, therefore against the gradient
Term
Pumps
Definition
Transport Proteins
Term
Na- K+ Pump
Definition
Sodium outside is high and inside is low
2. Potassium outside is low, and inside is high
3. Automatically sodium is going to start rushing into the cell, along the gradient, and slowly the sodium concentration is rising
4. The moment it goes beyond a certain number the pumps is activated
5. Pump is an inverted V, made up of 2 polypeptide chains
6. 3 sodium ions will bond to one face of the inverted V
7. In order to throw out ATP is needed
One. AMP-Phosphate--(energy stored in this bond)--Phosphate
8. Break the ATP into ADP +Pi, and the Pi comes to bind onto the pump,
One. This causes it to become a regular V: CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE
9. The 3 sodium gets thrown out, and 2 potassium ions bind onto the other face of the quaternary protein, and the V goes back to its original shape and releasing the potassium ions
Term
Membrane Potential
Definition
The amount of water an animal cell can take before it bursts
Term
What is the electrochemical gradient
Definition
a spatial variation of both electrical potential and chemical concentration across a membrane
Term
Electrogenic/Proton Pump
Definition
H+ is low inside the cell (7.6 pH), H+ outside is high, Basically the same protocol, All cells have a diffuser as well as a pump that works against the diffuser
Term
What is Co-transport
Definition
make use of the hydrogen diffuser to bring monomers into our cell
Term
What is exocytosis
Definition
A process of cellular secretion or excretion in which substances contained in vesicles are discharged from the cell by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the outer cell membrane
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
a process where cells absorb material from the outside by engulfing it with their cell membrane.
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
Large, solid material, Sends out cytoskeleton extensions covers it and brings it into the cell, Then the starch will be broken down into glucose
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
exact same thing as phagocytosis but it is engulfing a liquid
Term
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
Definition
Specific pickup: Receptors, Plasmas membrane are covered with receptors, Liver
Term
Ligands
Definition
anything being picked up in the receptor-mediated endocytosis
Term
Fluid-Mosaic Model
Definition
The phospholipid is the fluid part of the plasma membrane, The proteins are the mosiac part
Term
What causes fluidity
Definition
Lateral Movement of the Phospholipids, Presence of Unsaturated fatty acids, Cholesterol
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