Term
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Definition
| Process in which people generate meaning through the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages |
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Term
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Definition
| The building blocks of communication events |
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Term
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Definition
| something that represents something else and conveys meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| signs that represent a thing itself and always bear some resemblance to the object to which they refer |
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Term
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Definition
| signs that reveal something beyond the thing itself |
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Term
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Definition
| the concrete meaning of the message, and the meanings suggested by or associated with the message and the emotions triggered by it. |
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Term
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Definition
| what a message conveys about the relationship between parties |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical surroundings of a communication event (includes location, environmental conditions, time of day or day of the week, proximity of the communicators, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| the people interacting during communication |
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Term
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Definition
| transmitting ideas and emotions via signs and symbols |
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Term
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Definition
| taking ideas and converting them into messages |
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Term
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Definition
| receiving a message and interpreting its meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| the means through which a message is transmitted |
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulus that can interfere with, or degrade, the quality of a message |
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Term
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Definition
| the response to a message |
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Term
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Definition
| the education, life events, and cultural background that a communicator possesses. |
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Term
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Definition
| the learned patterns of perceptions, values, and behaviors that a group of people shares |
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Term
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Definition
| standards of what is right and wrong, good and bad, moral and immoral |
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Term
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Definition
| the standards of right and wrong that one applies to messages that are sent and received |
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Term
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Definition
| pertaining to the belief that there is a single correct moral standard that holds for everyone, everywhere, every time |
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Term
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Definition
| pertaining to the belief that moral behavior varies among individuals, groups, and cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| the balance of open-mindedness and critical attitude needed when evaluating others’ messages. |
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Term
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Definition
| the honest and ethical responses receivers provide to the messages of others |
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Term
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Definition
| the refusal to acknowledge the intended meaning of a message |
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Term
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Definition
| communication acts that attempt to deny others the right to speak based on their positions or identities |
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Term
| Expectancy violation theory |
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Definition
| theory explaining how individuals respond to and interpret communication behavior when it violates their expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of statements that explain a particular phenomenon. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the people who taught persuasive speaking skills in the Greek city-states |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an era of tremendous intellectual, artistic, and scientific achievements in Europe spanning the 14th to the 17th centuries |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that science and reason were the pathways to human enlightenment and human nature and its potential were to be celebrated |
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Term
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Definition
| 18th century belief in human rationality as the answer to human problems |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that actual behavior is the only event worthy of study |
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Term
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Definition
| the mechanics of public speaking, including proper pronunciation, posture, and grammar |
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Term
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Definition
| an accepted set of methods for developing new knowledge about a subject |
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Term
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Definition
| contemporary term for the behaviorist approach |
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Term
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Definition
| contemporary term for the humanistic (rhetorical) study |
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Term
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Definition
| belief system that represents a particular worldview |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific ways that scholars collect and analyze date which they then use to prove or disprove their theories |
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Term
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Definition
| relating to everyday, real-life situations, such as a classroom, café, or shopping mall |
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Term
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Definition
| methods that convert data to numerical indicators, and then analyze these numbers using statistics to establish relationships among the concepts |
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Term
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Definition
| methods in which researchers study naturally occurring communication rather than assembling data and converting it to numbers |
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Term
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Definition
| relating to research in which researchers actively engage with participants |
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Term
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Definition
| used by researchers to examine texts or public speeches as they occur in society with the aim of interpreting textual meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach used not only to understand human behavior but ultimately to change society |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to rhetorical analysis; used to analyze cultural “products,” such as media and public speeches |
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Term
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Definition
| a broad intellectual and social movement of the late 20th century |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that through rational thinking, humans can advance and discover universal truth |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach in which reality is subjective, and power is an important issue |
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Term
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Definition
| who a person is, composed of individual and social categories a person identifies with, as well as the categories that others identify with that person |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that people’s self-images arise primarily from the ways that others view them and from the many messages they hae received from others about who they are |
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Term
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Definition
| self-image that results from the images others reflect back to an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| the important people in an individual’s life whose opinions and behavior influence the various aspects of identity |
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Term
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Definition
| the collection of roles, rules, norms, beliefs, and attitudes endorsed by the community in which a person lives |
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Term
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Definition
| when an individual expects something to occur, the expectation increases the likelihood that it will |
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Term
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Definition
| the understanding of one’s unique characteristics as well as the similarities to, and differences from, others |
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Term
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Definition
| part of one’s self-concept; arises out of how one perceives and interprets reflected appraisals and social comparisons |
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Term
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Definition
| the process or means by which we show the world who we think we are |
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Term
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Definition
| performing scripts deemed proper to particular identities |
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Term
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Definition
| the expectation that one will perform in a particular way because of the social role occupied |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the identification with a particular racial group |
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Term
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Definition
| self-identity as having more than one racial identity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| identification with a particular group with which one shares some of all of these characteristics: national or tribal affiliation, religious beliefs, language, and/or cultural and traditional origins and background |
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Term
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Definition
| how and to what extent one identifies with the social construction of masculinity and femininity |
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Term
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Definition
| which of the various categories of sexuality one identifies with |
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Term
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Definition
| a combination of self-perception of age along with what others understand that age to mean |
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Term
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Definition
| an informal ranking of people in a culture based on their income, occupation, education, dwelling, child-rearing habits, and other factors |
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Term
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Definition
| aspect of identity defined by one’s spiritual beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of choosing which sensory information to focus on |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which one recognizes what sensory input represents |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of assigning meaning to sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
| consciously or unconsciously attending to just a narrow range of the full array of sensory information available |
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Term
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Definition
| organizational structures or templates that tell what information belongs together and how to “read” or understand what is perceived |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to form mental models of the world |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of actions one develops to attain specific goals |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively fixed sequence of events that functions as a guide or template for communication or behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a cognitive process used to organize information by placing it into larger groupings of information |
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Term
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Definition
| a name assigned to a category based on one’s perception of the category |
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Term
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Definition
| creating schemas that overgeneralize attributes of a specific group |
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Term
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Definition
| explanation of the processes we use to judge our own and others’ behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to attribute one’s own negative behavior to external causes and one’s positive actions to internal states |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to give one’s self more credit than is due when good things happen and to accept too little responsibility for those things that go wrong |
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Term
| Fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| the tendency to attribute others’ behavior to internal causes |
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Term
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Definition
| categories people develop to help them organize information |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a person’s constructs are detailed, involved, or numerous |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to view one’s own group as the standard against which all other groups are judged |
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Term
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Definition
| experiencing aversive or negative feelings toward a group as a whole or toward an individual because she or he belongs to a group |
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Term
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Definition
| the role prejudice plays in protecting individuals’ sense of self-worth |
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Term
| Value-expressive function |
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Definition
| the role played by prejudice in allowing people to view their own values, norms, and cultural practices as appropriate and correct |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific position or positions one holds in a society |
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Term
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Definition
| use of language to obtain what you need or desire |
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Term
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Definition
| use of language to control or regulate the behavior of others |
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Term
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Definition
| use of language to communicate information or report facts |
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Term
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Definition
| use of language to acquire knowledge and understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| use of language to establish and define social relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| use of language to express individuality and personality |
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Term
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Definition
| use of language to express oneself artistically or creatively |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the sounds that compose individual languages and how those sounds communicate meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| the rules that govern word order |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the dictionary, or literal, meaning of a word |
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Term
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Definition
| the affective or interpretative meanings attached to a word |
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Term
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Definition
| field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals |
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Term
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Definition
| branch of pragmatics that suggests when people communicate, they do not just say things, they also do things with their words |
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Term
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Definition
| describes what is said, or the act of “saying” something |
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Term
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Definition
| describes what one does with one’s utterance; what the utterance accomplishes |
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Term
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Definition
| describes of the effect an utterance has |
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Term
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Definition
| a variation of a language distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the influence of shared characteristics of a group that was born and reared in the same general period |
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Term
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Definition
| an American English dialect that some African Americans speak |
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Term
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Definition
| the specialized terms that develop in many professions |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage of listening most refer to as “hearing,” when listeners pick up the sound waves directed toward them |
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Term
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Definition
| interpreting the messages associated with sounds or what the sounds mean |
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Term
|
Definition
| assessing your reaction to a message |
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Term
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Definition
| showing others how you regard their message |
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Term
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Definition
| those who argue that any idea can be expressed in any language and that the structure and vocabulary of the language do not influence the speaker’s perception of the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| those who argue that language serves not only as a way for us to voice our ideas but “is itself the shaper of ideas, the guide for the individual’s mental activity.” |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that the language people speak determines the way they see the world (a relativist perspective) |
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Term
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Definition
| explore the role of power in daily interactions |
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Term
| Disconfirming communication |
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Definition
| comments that reject or invalidate a positive self-image of our conversational partners |
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Term
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Definition
| comments that validate positive self-image of others |
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Term
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Definition
| all the nonverbal actions people perform |
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Term
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Definition
| nonverbal behavior that has symbolic meaning |
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Term
|
Definition
| distinct, organized means of expression that consists of symbols and rules for their use |
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Term
|
Definition
| a nonverbal communication sent by the body, including gestures, posture, movement, facial expressions, and eye behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| nonverbal communication made with part of the body, including actions such as pointing, waving, or holding up a hand to direct people’s attention |
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Term
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Definition
| signals that accompany speech to clarify or emphasizes the verbal messages |
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Term
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Definition
| gestures that stand for a specific, verbal meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| gestures used to manage emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| gestures used to control conversation |
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Term
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Definition
| how close or involved people appear to be with each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of tension displayed by one’s body |
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Term
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Definition
| all aspects of spoken language except the words themselves; includes rate, volume, pitch, stress, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| qualities such as speed, pitch, rhythm, vocal range, and articulation that make up the “music” of the human voice |
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Term
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Definition
| uttered sounds that do not have the structure of language |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the way people use time as a message |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how people use spatial cues, including interpersonal distance, territoriality, and other space relationships, to communicate |
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Term
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Definition
| engaging in one task or behavior at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| engaging in multiple activities simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| (0-18 inches) the space used with interacting with those with whom one is very close |
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Term
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Definition
| (18 inches to 4 feet) the space used when interacting with friends and acquaintances |
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Term
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Definition
| (4-12 feet) the distance most U.S. Americans use when they interact with unfamiliar others |
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Term
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Definition
| (12-25 feet) the most appropriate distances for public ceremonies such as lectures and performances |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the communication function of touch |
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Term
| Professional touch/functional touch |
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Definition
| the least intimate type of touch; used by certain workers such as dentists, hairstylists, and hospice workers, as part of their livelihood |
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Term
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Definition
| touch that is part of daily interaction in the United States, this is more intimate than professional touch but is still impersonal |
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Term
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Definition
| touch that is more intimate than social touch and usually conveys warmth, closeness, and caring |
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Term
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Definition
| the touch most often used with ones romantic partners and families |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of touch used to establish dominance and power |
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Term
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Definition
| clothing and other accessories |
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Term
| Communicating information |
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Definition
| using nonverbal behaviors to help clarify verbal messages and reveal attitudes and moods |
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Term
|
Definition
| using nonverbal behaviors to help manage turn-taking during conversation |
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Term
| Expressing and managing intimacy |
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Definition
| using nonverbal behaviors to help convery attraction and closeness |
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Term
| Establishing social control |
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Definition
| using nonverbal behavior to exercise influence over other people |
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Term
| Signaling service-task functions |
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Definition
| using nonverbal behavior to signal close involvement between people in impersonal relationships and contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| verbal and nonverbal messages that express the same meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| verbal and nonverbal messages that send conflicting messages |
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Term
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Definition
| peaceful third party intervention |
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Term
| Intercultural communication |
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Definition
| communication that occurs in interactions between people who are culturally different |
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Term
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Definition
| learned patterns of perceptions, values, and behaviors shared by a group of people |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| people who live between cultures and often experience contradictory cultural patterns |
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Term
| Voluntary short-term travelers |
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Definition
| people who are border dwellers by choice and for a limited time, such as study-abroad students, corporate personnel |
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Term
| Voluntary long-term travelers |
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Definition
| people who are border dwellers by choice and for an extended time, such as immigrants |
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Term
| Involuntary short-term travelers |
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Definition
| people who are border dwellers not by choice and only for a limited time, such as refugees forced to move |
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Term
| Involuntary long-term travelers |
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Definition
| people who are border dwellers permanently but not by choice, such as those who relocate to escape war |
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Term
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Definition
| a feeling of disorientation and discomfort due to the lack of familiar environmental cues |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory that individuals go through three predictable phases in adapting to a new culture: anticipation, culture shock, adaptation |
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Term
| Encapsulated marginal people |
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Definition
| people who feel disintegrated by having to shift cultures |
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Term
| Constructive marginal people |
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Definition
| people who thrive in a border dweller life while recognizing its tremendous challenges |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs that are so central to a cultural group that they are never questioned |
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Term
| Individualism orientation |
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Definition
| a value orientation that respects the autonomy and independence of individuals |
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Term
| Collectivistic orientation |
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Definition
| a value orientation that stresses the needs of the groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| a value orientation that expresses whether it is more important for a person to “do” or to “be” |
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Term
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Definition
| a value orientation that expresses whether humans are fundamentally good, evil, or a mixture |
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Term
| Human-nature value orientation |
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Definition
| the perceived relationship between humans and nature |
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Term
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Definition
| a value orientation that refers to the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a culture expect and accept an unequal distribution of power |
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Term
| Long-term versus short-term orientation |
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Definition
| the dimension of a society’s value orientation that reflects its attitude toward virtue (polytheistic) or truth (monotheistic) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| belief in more than one god |
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Term
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Definition
| thinking in which things are perceived as “either/or” – for example, good or bad, big or small, right or wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| a significant minority group within a dominant majority that does not share dominant group values or communication patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| how close one is to others |
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Term
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Definition
| the appeal one person has for another, based on physical appearance, personalities, and/or behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are |
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Term
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Definition
| degree to which people share the same values, interests, and background |
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Term
| Uncertainty reduction theory |
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Definition
| a communication theory that argues much early interaction is dedicated to reducing uncertainty about others and determining if one wishes to interact with them again |
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Term
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Definition
| models of relationship development that view relationships as occurring in “stages” and that focus on what people do as relationships develop and decline |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of romantic relational development in which both people behave so as to appear pleasant and likeable |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of romantic relational development in which both people seek to learn about each other |
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Term
|
Definition
| stage of romantic relational development in which both people seek to increase intimacy and connectedness |
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Term
|
Definition
| stage of romantic relational development in which both people portray themselves as a couple |
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Term
|
Definition
| stage of romantic relational development characterized by public commitment |
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Term
|
Definition
| stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples increase their interpersonal distance |
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Term
|
Definition
| stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples discuss safe topics |
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Term
|
Definition
| stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples try to prevent change |
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Term
|
Definition
| stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples try not to interact with each other. |
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Term
|
Definition
| stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples end the relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| first stage in the Rawlins model of friendship formation in which interaction is solely based on specific social roles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the stage at which potential friends assess each other to determine common interests and values |
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Term
|
Definition
| moving beyond social roles and indicating a desire for a more personal friendship |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| friendship that lasts over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| friendship in decline or even ending |
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Term
| Relational trajectory models |
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Definition
| relationship development models that focus on the cognitive aspects of relationships and typically analyze how committed relational partners feel to one another |
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Term
| Social penetration theory |
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Definition
| a theory that assumes that as people communicate, they become more familiar with each other and become closer |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of relational development characterized by “love at first sight” and a rapid progression toward commitment |
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Term
| Friendship first trajectory |
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Definition
| pattern of relational development characterized by a gradual progression from friendship to romance |
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Term
|
Definition
| a model of relationship development in which couples more both toward and away from commitment over the course of their relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| a dialectical tension in relationships that refers to one’s need to connect with others and the simultaneous need to feel independent or autonomous |
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Term
|
Definition
| a dialectical tension in relationships that describes the need to be open and to self-disclose while also maintaining some sense of privacy |
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Term
|
Definition
| a dialectical tension in relationships that describes the human desire for events that are new, spontaneous, and unplanned while simultaneously needing some aspects of life to be stable and predictable |
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Term
|
Definition
| behaviors that couples perform that help maintain their relationships |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process by which relationships end without prior warning for at least one participant |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process by which relationships decline over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| a friendship termination strategy in which the friends spend less time together, don’t return phone calls, and avoid places where they are likely to see each other |
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Term
|
Definition
| concealment, distortion, or lying in communication |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to not suspect one’s intimates of deception |
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Term
|
Definition
| a complex and often painful emotion that occurs when a person perceives a threat to an existing friendship |
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Term
|
Definition
| physical violence against a partner |
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Term
|
Definition
| physically nonviolent pressure to engage in unwanted sex |
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Term
|
Definition
| a high degree of similarity |
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Term
|
Definition
| the distaste and aversion that people feel toward working in groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| groups that provide members with a sense of belonging and affection |
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Term
|
Definition
| groups that meet principally to solve problems |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for people to work harder and do better when others are around |
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Term
| Small group communication |
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Definition
| communication among a small number of people who share a common purpose or goal, who feel connected to each other, and coordinate their behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| the shared expectations group members have regarding each individual’s communication behavior in the group |
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Term
|
Definition
| roles that are directly related to the accomplishment of group goals |
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Term
|
Definition
| roles that help establish a group’s social atmosphere |
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Term
|
Definition
| roles that focus more on individuals’ own interests and needs than on those of the group |
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Term
|
Definition
| leadership theory that suggests that leaders are born |
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Term
| Functional (situational) theory |
|
Definition
| a theory that assumes leadership behaviors can be learned |
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Term
|
Definition
| theory that asserts that a leader's manner or style determines his or her success. |
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Term
|
Definition
| leader who takes charge, makes all the decisions, and dictates strategies and work tastes |
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Term
|
Definition
| leader whose style is characterized by much input from group members |
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Term
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Definition
| a leadership style characterized by complete freedom for the group in making decisions |
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Term
| Transformational leadership |
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Definition
| a leadership style that empowers group members to work independently from the leader by encouraging group cohesion |
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Term
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Definition
| a leadership style in which extremely self-confident leaders inspire unusual dedication to themselves by relying upon their strong personalities and charm |
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Term
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Definition
| potential pitfall in small group interaction; occurs when excessive analysis prevents a group from moving toward a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| generating as many ideas as possible without critiquing them |
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Term
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Definition
| the four-phase process used by a group to evaluate information and arrive at a decision or solution |
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Term
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Definition
| the uncertainty commonly felt in the beginning phase of decisions making |
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Term
| Secondary (recurring) tension |
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Definition
| conflict or tensions found in the second or conflict phase of the decision-making process |
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Term
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Definition
| the third phase of the decision-making process; occurs when group members express a cooperative attitude |
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Term
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Definition
| the final phase of the decision-making process when group members reach consensus, and members feel a sense of accomplishment |
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Term
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Definition
| a negative, and potentially disastrous, group process characterized by “excessive concurrence thinking” |
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Term
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Definition
| the methods, including communication, by which a group accomplishes a task |
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Term
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Definition
| the set of interactions that members of groups use to accomplish their individual and common goals |
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Term
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Definition
| the goals and effects of communication |
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Term
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Definition
| a function of organizational communication in which activity is coordinated toward accomplishing tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| a function of organizational communication in which the stability of existing systems is preserved |
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Term
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Definition
| a function of organizational communication by means of which systems are changed |
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Term
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Definition
| lines of communication, or a system of pathways through which messages flow |
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Term
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Definition
| in a traditional conduit model of communication, communication with subordinates |
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Term
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Definition
| in a traditional conduit model of communication, communication with superiors |
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Term
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Definition
| in a traditional conduit model of communication, communication with peers |
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Term
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Definition
| a power structure in which some members exercise authority over others |
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Term
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Definition
| officially designated channels of communication, reflecting explicit or desired patterns of interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| unspoken but understood channels of communication, reflecting patterns that develop spontaneously |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organizational function in which potentially chaotic social conflicts or problems are managed |
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Term
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Definition
| organizational function in which valued resources and, thus, power, are generated and distributed |
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Term
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Definition
| organizational role in which learning and expressive functions are performed, while also establishing and perpetuating social and cultural norms |
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Term
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Definition
| organizational role in which the delivery of products or services maximizes profit |
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Term
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Definition
| the communicative, behavioral, and cognitive processes that influence individuals to join, identify with, become integrated into, and (occasionally) exit an organization |
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Term
| Organizational identification |
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Definition
| the stage of assimilation that occurs when an employee’s values overlap with the organization’s values |
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Term
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Definition
| the language, habits, rituals, ceremonies, stories, beliefs, attitudes, and artifacts associated with members of an organization (group) |
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Term
| Anticipatory socialization |
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Definition
| activities and experiences that occur before an individual enters an organization but that later assist in the assimilation process |
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Term
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Definition
| stage in the assimilation process during which individuals learn the norms, expectations, and practices of the organization and begin to accept and adapt to them |
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Term
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Definition
| the final stage of the socialization process during which employees come to see themselves as members of the organization, and colleagues see them this way as well |
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Term
| Semantic-information distance |
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Definition
| describes the gap in information and understanding between the supervisors and subordinates on specific issues |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when subordinates are hesitant to communicate negative news and present information to superiors in a more positive light than is warranted |
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Term
| Perceptual co-orientation |
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Definition
| a state in which two people share similar perceptions and recognize that their perceptions agree |
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Term
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Definition
| a state in which communicators are willing to share their ideas as well as listen to others in a way that avoids conveying negative or disconfirming feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to supervisors who provide their subordinates with access to information and resources |
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Term
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Definition
| feeling or attitude of personal investment in accomplishing a specific activity or goal |
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Term
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Definition
| employee’s feelings of self-efficacy |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior and communication designed to increase liking |
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Term
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Definition
| expressing one’s opinions forcefully without offending others |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to communicate through reasoning, bargaining, coalition-building and assertiveness. |
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Term
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Definition
| the individual behavior that a person uses when engaged in conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| the pattern of conflict strategies that an individual uses repetitively across contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| conflict style that represents a high concern for self and low concern for the other party |
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Term
| Collaborating/problem solving |
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Definition
| conflict style that represents a high concern for self and the other party |
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Term
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Definition
| conflict style that represents a moderate concern for self and the other party |
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Term
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Definition
| conflict style that represents a low concern for self and high concern for the other party |
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Term
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Definition
| conflict style that represents a low concern for self and the other party |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest level of conflict intensity where the parties focus on their own as well as the other party’s interests |
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Term
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Definition
| the second stage of conflict intensity where the parties tend to negatively focus on their relationships to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the third stage of conflict intensity where parties focus on their own needs and typically take a win-lose approach to conflict resolution |
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Term
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Definition
| the fourth stage of conflict intensity where individuals may be fighting for what they perceive as their futures in the organization and become less interested in their own success and more invested in destroying those they perceive to be the enemy |
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Term
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Definition
| a chronic condition that results from the accumulation of daily stress, which manifests itself in a very specific set of characteristics, including exhaustion, cynicism, and ineffectiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| approach to management advocated by Frederick Taylor, who believed there was a best way to complete any task and that rigorous study would help him find it |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated measurements of detailed task variables to determine their most efficient combination |
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Term
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Definition
| approach to management that holds that the job of management is actually to educate, interact, and integrate |
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Term
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Definition
| approach to management that holds that workers are not only economically motivated but that they also bring personal histories and emotional needs to work with them |
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Term
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Definition
| theory that organizations are a system composed of many subsystems and embedded in larger systems, and that organizations should develop strategies for communication that serve both |
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Term
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Definition
| the increasing connectedness of the world in economic, political, and cultural realms |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated hostile behaviors that are or appear to be intended to harm parties unable to defend themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| requests for sexual favors as a condition of getting or keeping a job or benefit; one of two types of sexual harassment recognized by federal law |
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Term
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Definition
| an intimidating, hostile, or offensive workplace atmosphere created by unwelcome and inappropriate sexually based behavior; one of two types of sexual harassment recognized by federal law |
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Term
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Definition
| a person or institution that addresses a large audience; the originator of a communication message but not necessarily the one delivering it |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the identity one creates through one’s public communication efforts |
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Term
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Definition
| the rhetorical use of emotions to affect the audience decision making |
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Term
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Definition
| rational appeals; the use of rhetoric to help the audience see the rationale for a particular conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| place in the social hierarchy, which comes from the way society is structured |
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Term
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Definition
| those people who can take the appropriate action in response to a message |
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Term
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Definition
| any event that generates a significant amount of public discourse |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of rhetoric used to argue what a society should do in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| the arena in which deliberative decision making occurs through the exchange of ideas and arguments |
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Term
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Definition
| rhetoric that addresses events that happened in the past with the goal of setting things right after an injustice has occurred |
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Term
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Definition
| a large, organized body of people who are attempting to create social change |
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Term
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Definition
| an informed consumer of rhetorical discourse who is prepared to analyze rhetorical texts |
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Term
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Definition
| those that extend one’s senses with a lot of data or information |
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Term
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Definition
| those that require the receiver to fill in much more information because less is given |
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Term
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Definition
| the plural form of medium, a channel of communication |
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Term
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Definition
| large organizations in the business of mass communication that produce, distribute, or show various media texts (cultural products) as in industry |
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Term
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Definition
| popular books addressed to a large audience and widely distributed |
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Term
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Definition
| electronic books read on a computer screen instead of a printed page |
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Term
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Definition
| seekers of various media messages and resisters of others |
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Term
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Definition
| portrayal of communication as a process occurring largely in one direction |
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Term
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Definition
| the influence that media have on people’s everyday lives |
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Term
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Definition
| a television show, advertisement, movie, or other media event |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that people seek media messages and/or interpret media texts in ways that confirm their beliefs, and conversely, resist or avoid messages that challenge their beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that people use media messages and find various types of gratifications in some media texts rather than others |
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Term
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Definition
| approach to understanding media that focuses on specific aspects of the content of a text or group of texts |
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Term
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Definition
| approach to understanding media performed by researchers who focus on a small number of texts or images using methods similar to those of literary critics |
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Term
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Definition
| the power of media coverage to influence individuals’ view of the world |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that long-term immersion in a media environment leads to “cultivation,” or enculturation, into shared beliefs about the world |
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Term
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Definition
| occasions or catastrophes that interrupt regular programming |
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Term
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Definition
| representations of violent acts in media |
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Term
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Definition
| device that identifies television program ratings by content and can block programming designated by the owner |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways in which media institutions produce texts in a capitalist system and the legal and regulatory framework that shape their options for doing so |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of organizing to communicate displeasure with certain media images and messages, as well as to force change in future media texts |
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Term
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Definition
| self-imposed rules for Hollywood media content instituted in 1930 with the goal of creating “wholesome entertainment” |
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Term
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Definition
| Motion Picture Association of America |
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Term
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Definition
| a self-regulating system of the television industry that rates programs in terms of appropriateness for particular age groups |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| information that is transmitted in a continuous numerical format |
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Term
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Definition
| information that is transmitted in a numerical format based on only two values (0 and 1) |
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Term
| Computer-mediated communication (CMC) |
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Definition
| the exchange of messages carried through an intervening system of digital electronic storage and transmitted between two or more people |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of networks that connects millions of computers around the world |
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Term
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Definition
| one of a number of services that moves over the Internet; it uses HTML (hypertext markup language) as its document format |
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Term
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Definition
| synonymous with the Internet or online world |
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Term
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Definition
| degree of psychological closeness or immediacy engendered by various media |
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Term
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Definition
| the potential information-carrying capacity of a communication medium |
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Term
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Definition
| pictographs used in email to convey relational information |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a message is sent and received at different times |
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Term
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Definition
| an identity that is fragmented or lacks coherence |
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Term
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Definition
| unwanted commercial messages and advertisements sent through email |
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Term
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Definition
| misrepresenting oneself online |
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Term
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Definition
| text-based virtual reality system in which one is expected to assume a role |
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Term
| MOO (multiuser domain object-oriented) |
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Definition
| text-based virtual reality system in which one is expected to assume a role; participants can introduce changes in the system |
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Term
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Definition
| taking on a new Internet identity for recreational purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| theory predicting that the more people are socially connected, the more intensely they are likely to communicate using various media available to them |
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Term
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Definition
| potential partners and friends, typically much larger via CMC than via face-to-face relationships |
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Term
| Hyperpersonal relationships |
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Definition
| Internet relationships that develop intimacy more quickly than face-to-face relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| cultural knowledge and cultural competencies that people need to function effectively in society |
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Term
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Definition
| access to technological skills and resources |
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Term
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Definition
| theory that explains why some innovations, like computers and Internet technology, are accepted by some people and rejected by others |
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Term
| Special-occasion speeches |
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Definition
| evocative speeches intended to entertain, inspire, celebrate, commemorate, or build ceremony |
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Term
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Definition
| whichever of three goals – to inform, persuade, or entertain – dominates a speech |
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Term
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Definition
| what a speaker wants to inform or persuade an audience about, or what type of feelings the speaker wants to evoke |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of determining what an audience already knows or wants to know about a topic, who they are, what they know or need to know about the speaker, and what their expectations might be for the presentation |
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Term
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Definition
| questions that give the person being questioned free rein in answering |
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Term
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Definition
| questions that are answerable in a few words |
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Term
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Definition
| questions that follow up on a previous question |
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Term
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Definition
| questions that give the person being questioned a chance to respond without any influence from the interviewer |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of an audience analysis that considers the ages, races, sexes, sexual orientations, religions, and social class of the audience |
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Term
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Definition
| a statement of the topic of a speech and the speaker’s position on it |
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Term
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Definition
| information that supports the speaker’s ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| one that follows a timeline |
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Term
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Definition
| one that arranges points by location and can be used to describe something small |
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Term
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Definition
| one that has no innate organization except that imposed by the speaker |
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Term
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Definition
| one in which the speaker describes various aspects of a problem and then proposes solutions |
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Term
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Definition
| one used to create understanding and agreement, and sometimes to argue for a specific action |
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Term
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Definition
| opening material of a speech from which the audience members gain a first impression of the speech's content and of the speaker |
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Term
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Definition
| transitions in a speech that help an audience understand the speaker’s organization, making it easier for them to follow |
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Term
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Definition
| closing material of a speech where the speaker reviews the main points, may challenge the audience to act, and leaves the audience with a positive view of speaker and topic |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of language and phrasing a speaker uses and the effect the language and phrasing create |
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Term
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Definition
| audiovisual materials that help a speaker reach intended speech goals |
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Term
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Definition
| a speech that is delivered with little or no preparation |
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Term
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Definition
| speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience |
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Term
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Definition
| speech that is written ahead of time but only in outline form |
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Term
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Definition
| the image a speaker conveys |
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Term
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Definition
| looking directly into the eyes of another |
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