Term
|
Definition
| is the theory that over generations, individuals within a population who are either not suited to their environment or have a genetic modification which results in them being easier to prey on will be removed from the gene pool in the survival of the fittest. |
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Term
| Who developed the theory of Natural selection |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Natural selection prepares organisms for.... |
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Definition
| the constant elements of their environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the selection by consequences that occur during the lifetime of the individual organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is natural selection in the evolutionary history of a species. |
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Term
| Skinner's selection by consequences |
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Definition
Natural selection
Operant selection
Cultural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| selection of characteristics of a species at the genetic level. |
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Term
| selection of operant behavior |
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Definition
| selection of behavior within the lifetime of the individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior patterns of groups of humans that last beyond an individual's lifetime. |
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Term
| What are the three primary laws of the reflex? |
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Definition
Threshold
Latency
Intensity-Magnitude |
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Term
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Definition
| a point below which no response occurs and above which a response always occurs. |
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Term
| Law of Intensity- Magnitude? |
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Definition
| as the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus increases, so does the magnitude of the response. |
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Term
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Definition
| as the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus increases, the latency to appearance of the unconditioned response decreases. |
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Term
| Secondary Laws of reflexes? |
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Definition
| Habituation, Potentiation and Sensitization |
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Term
|
Definition
repeated presentations of the unconditioned stimulus result in progressive reduction of unconditioned response.
Potentiation: repeated presentations of the unconditioned stimulus results in progressive increments of unconditioned response. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The procedure of withholding the consequences that maintain the rate of an operant response |
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Term
| operant extinction effects |
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Definition
Aggression
Extinction burst
operant variability
increased force of responding
emotional responding
renewal
resurgence
reinstatement |
|
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Term
| what are the respondent extinction procedure |
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Definition
| unpairing of the US and the CS |
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Term
|
Definition
| repeated presentations of the unconditioned stimulus results in progressive increments of unconditioned response. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increase in the magnitude of other reflexes following presentation of the unrelated eliciting stimulus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When you have successfully decreased a response/behavior but it hasn't carried over to other/different environments |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the reoccurrence of a previously reinforced behavior when reinforcement for an alternative behavior is terminated or decreased and to the three-phase procedure that produces the effect: (1) A target behavior is reinforced, (2) the target behavior is placed on extinction and reinforcement provided for an alternative behavior, and (3) both responses are placed on extinction |
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Term
|
Definition
| The recovery of behavior when the reinforcer is presented alone (response independent of reinforcement) after a period of extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| Altering the antecedent unpairing of the US and the CS. only spontaneous recovery could possibly apply to respondent extinction. |
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Term
| What are the secondary Laws of reflexes? |
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Definition
1. Habituation
2. Potentiation
3. Sensitization |
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Term
|
Definition
| repeated presentations of the unconditioned stimulus result in the progressive reduction of an unconditioned response. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| repeated presentations of the unconditioned stimulus results in progressive increments of unconditioned response. |
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Term
|
Definition
| increase in the magnitude of other reflexes following presentation of unrelated eliciting stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| An unlearned stimulus–response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus (e.g., food in mouth) that elicits the response (e.g., salivation); a product of the phylogenic evolution of a given species; all biologically intact members of a species are born with similar repertoires of unconditioned reflexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) or another CS. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A learned stimulus–response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus (e.g., sound of refrigerator door opening) and the response it elicits (e.g., salivation); each person’s repertoire of conditioned reflexes is the product of his or her history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny). |
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Term
| How does respondent conditioning happen? |
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Definition
| A stimulus–stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response. (Also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning; see also conditioned reflex and higher order conditioning.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US); the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer appears in the individual’s repertoire. |
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Term
| everyday example of respondent extinction |
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Definition
| The fire alarm at work was previously a neutral stimulus. Then, you had a fire drill while you were standing right next to the alarm! The sound hurt your ears and was quite unpleasant. Through respondent conditioning (pairing of the neutral fire alarm with the aversive sound), you now cringe each time you see the fire alarm even when it is not going off. |
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Term
| Why is stimulus substitution not the same as respondent conditioning? |
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Definition
| The conditioned response and the unconditioned response are not always the same or even similar. In some cases the conditioned response is very different even opposite of the unconditioned response. |
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Term
| Thorndike's Law of effect |
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Definition
| Positive outcomes became stamped in and bad outcomes stamped out. |
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Term
| What was the little Albert Experiment? |
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Definition
| The little albert experiment paired a neutral stimulus (furry white animal) and an unconditioned stimulus (a loud clanging noise) repeatedly and eventually the Neutral stimulus (white furry animal) elicited the conditioned response of crying. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal (e.g, color, size) temporal (e.g., antecedent or consequence) and or functional (e.g., discrimination stimulus) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a response followed immediately by the presentation (addition) of a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring more often. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a contingency in which the occurrence of a response is followed immediately by the termination, reduction, postponement or avoidance of a stimulus and which leads to the increase of the future occurrence of similar responses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a response behavior decreases followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus ( or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus that results in similar responses occurring less often. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a response followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Reinforcement |
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Definition
| a stimulus change increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes the organisms learning history with the stimulus. Unconditioned reinforcers are the product of the evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny). They are also called primary or unlearned reinforcement. |
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Term
| Conditioned Reinforcement |
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Definition
| a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairings with one or more other reinforcers. |
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Term
| Generalized Conditioned Reinforcement |
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Definition
| a conditioned reinforcer that as a result of being paired with many other reinforcers does not depend on an establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is defined as withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior that decreases the rate of that behavior: a procedure, process, and principle. |
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Term
| Extinction is three things; what are they? |
|
Definition
1. Behavior change procedure
2. Behavioral process
3. behavioral principle |
|
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Term
| Extinction as a behavior change procedure |
|
Definition
| refers to zero probability of reinforcement |
|
|
Term
| extinction as a behavioral process? |
|
Definition
| refers to the diminishing rate of a previously reinforced behavior |
|
|
Term
| extinction as a principle? |
|
Definition
| refers to the functional relation between withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior and the resultant diminishing rate of response. |
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Term
| What are the common effects of operant extinction? |
|
Definition
emotional responding
1. extinction burst
2. variability in topography
3. initial increase in the magnitude of responding
4. spontaneous recovery
5. resurgence
6. renewal
reinstatement |
|
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Term
| When not to use extinction? |
|
Definition
1. as a singular intervention
2. target behavior for decrease is dangerous
3. all forms of reinforcement cannot be withheld.
4. rapid reduction needed
5. others likely to imitate the problem behavior. |
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Term
| Motivating operants are both...... |
|
Definition
| value-altering and behavior-altering |
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Term
|
Definition
| The potency of the reinforcer can increase because of deprivation or decrease because of deprivation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcer can establish behavior (increase behavior) or abolish behavior (decrease) |
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Term
| Types of conditioned motivation operants? (4) |
|
Definition
1. UCMO: unconditioned Motiving operant
2. CMO-T: transitive
3. CMO-S: surrogate
4. CMO-R Reflexive |
|
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Term
|
Definition
surrogate conditioned motivating operation (CMO-S)
A stimulus that acquires its MO effectiveness by being paired with another MO and has the same value-altering and behavior-altering effects as the MO with which it was paired. |
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Term
|
Definition
transitive conditioned motivating operation (CMO-T)
An environmental variable that, as a result of a learning history, establishes (or abolishes) the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and evokes (or abates) the behavior that has been reinforced by that other stimulus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A stimulus that acquires MO effectiveness by preceding some form of worsening or improvement. It is exemplified by the warning stimulus in a typical escape–avoidance procedure, which establishes its own offset as reinforcement and evokes all behavior that has accomplished that offset. |
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Term
|
Definition
| grandma coming over because she is so fun and gives you gifts every time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a mother always puts baby down with a fuzzy robe, so dad wears the robe to substitute as mom by wearing the fuzzy robe mom. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A charger is more reinforcing when you need to charge your phone |
|
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Term
| what are antecedent based interventions |
|
Definition
| A behavior change strategy that manipulates antecedent stimuli based on (a) motivating operations (evocative and abative effects), (b) stimulus control (differential availability of reinforcement), and (c) contingency-independent interventions (e.g., protective equipment, and restraint). (See also functional communication training, high-probability request sequence, and noncontingent reinforcement. |
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Term
| What are consequence-based interventions? |
|
Definition
a behavior change intervention that manipulates contingency-dependent consequence events to affect stimulus control.
Extinction
+ and - reinforcement
+ and - punishment |
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Term
| Skinner's superstitious Experiment? |
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Definition
| involved pigeons that developed Bx not part of contingencies not related to reinforcement, occurs temporally right before reinforcement. |
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Term
| Pattern developed from a FR schedule? What is the ratio run? |
|
Definition
stair-step/break and run pattern.
high rates of behavior followed by a pause |
|
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Term
| pattern developed from a FI schedule? What is the ratio run? |
|
Definition
scalloped pattern.
produces low rates of responding, an uptick in responding closer to the end of interval timing out. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a predetermined number of responses required for reinforcement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a decrease in responding when ratio requirement is too high. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the highest ratio value completed on the progressive ratio schedule before the behavior deteriorates. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The frequency of behavior needed to receive reinforcement varies from one reinforcement to the next. Produce high rates of steady behavior. produce a steady upward trend line |
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Term
|
Definition
A VI schedule reinforces the first response after the variable of time lapses
VI schedule produces a low moderate rate of responding. |
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Term
Fixed interval?
What rate of response does the schedule produce? |
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Definition
| The first behavior after the required time lapse is reinforced. The fixed interval produces the greatest amount of responding just before the end of the interval. |
|
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Term
| how do behavior analysis define choice |
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Definition
| a distribution of operant behavior among alternative response options. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the label used to describe an option that is selected more often than the other response option available. |
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Term
|
Definition
| is the evaluation of reinforcers that is delayed into the future . It involves decisions between small immediate and large delayed outcomes. |
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|
Term
| the experimental analysis is of behavior is..... |
|
Definition
concerned with controlling and changing factors that affect behavior
a natural science approach
concerned with the principles of behavior |
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|
Term
| According the Baer Wolf and Risley (1968), what is the difference between basic and applied behavior analysis? |
|
Definition
| Basic research looks at behavior and any variable and applied research looks at variations that could be socially significant. |
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Term
| How is thinking and feeling treated from a behavioral perspective? |
|
Definition
| as more behavior to be explained |
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Term
|
Definition
acquisition of behavior
maintenance of behavior
and the change in behavior as a result of events |
|
|
Term
| behavior analysis become experimental when |
|
Definition
| The manipulation of a condition to see how behavior is affected. |
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Term
| Skinner argued that internal events were |
|
Definition
| behaviors that needed to be explained |
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|
Term
| Watson's conditioning of little albert used a __________ as a neutral stimulus and ________as the unconditioned stimulus |
|
Definition
white rat as the neutral stimulus
clanking sound as an unconditioned stimulus |
|
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Term
| the term _________refers to behavior that is elicited , and the term ___________refers to behavior that is emitted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The variable manipulated by the clinician is the __________ the variable that is measured is the __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| functional analysis involves classifying behavior according to _________ and analyzing the environment in terms of ___________ |
|
Definition
response functions
stimulus functions |
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|
Term
| Conditional emotional responses that include an increase in heart rate, sweating, or a change in blood pressure are examples of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _______ refers to all of the forms of a behavior have a similar function.at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Even when stimuli vary physically but have a common effect on behavior, they are apart of the same __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| demonstrating a cause and effect relationship between two variables requires that |
|
Definition
| Both a covariation exists between the two variables or the change in the independent variable came before the change in the dependent variable. |
|
|
Term
| define confounding variable |
|
Definition
| An uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the dependent variable |
|
|
Term
| Skinner adopted this measure as the primary datum for the experimental analysis of behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______is the evolutionary history of a species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ refers to the development and learning across the lifetime of an individual |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a reduction in the UR due to repeated presentations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to do away with an unwanted CR on should |
|
Definition
| Present the CS without the US, unpair. |
|
|
Term
| fixed action patterns are |
|
Definition
| Sequences of behavior that are phylogenetic in origin |
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|
Term
| When the relationship is invariant and biologically based, the eliciting events is the ____ and behavior following is the ____ |
|
Definition
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response |
|
|
Term
| McCully (1982) suggested that many overdoses may be the result of |
|
Definition
| failure of tolerance due to the absence of the conditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
| BAs perspective of drug cravings can be explained as |
|
Definition
| a product of presenting the drug-related conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned response |
|
|
Term
| Which researcher is most prominent in the study of respondent conditioning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| repeated presentation of a CS without the US is referred to a _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False?
The topography of the UR and the CR are always the same? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brief reoccurrence of the CR after a condition response after a conditioned reflex is apparently extinguished to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in the magnitude of a UR with repeated presentation of the US is referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False?
A characteristic of respondent extinction is an increase in the magnitude of the CR when extinction is first initiated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False?
A baby smiling at its parent after having been picked up for smiling in the past is an example of respondent conditioning. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as the intensity of the US increases the latency of the response _______+___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meta-analysis found that verbal rewards increased performance and interest |
|
|
Term
| The Premack principle states? |
|
Definition
| Higher frequency behavior will function as reinforcement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what year was verbal behavior published? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schedules of reinforcement were first described by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| infrequent reinforcement generates responses that are more enduring, which is called |
|
Definition
| Partial reinforcement extinction effect |
|
|
Term
| Schedules that generate predictable a stair-step pattern of behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Variable ratio schedules generate |
|
Definition
| high and constant rates of behavior |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the response pattern generated by a fixed interval schedule called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human performance on FI varies from animal data due to __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
if food is present every time a pigeon selects a key, then there is a _______ schedule of reinforcement.
- Differential
- Interval
- Continuous
- Concurrent
|
|
Definition
| A continuous schedule of reinforcement |
|
|
Term
| Consider the following example: a rat receives a pellet after the first response after five minutes, regardless of how often they press the lever. This is an example of a schedule of reinforcement. |
|
Definition
| Interval schedule of reinforcement |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Ratio reinforcement schedules produce higher response rates than interval reinforcement schedules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lowe's and Colleagues (1983) explained their observation that humans generated either high or low rates of responding but not typical to animal patterns during training by arguing that |
|
Definition
| Language causes humans to behave according to a rule rather than the arranged contingencies. |
|
|
Term
| What is behavioral momentum? |
|
Definition
| Refers to behavior that persists or continues in the presence of a discriminative stimulus for reinforcement despite disruptive factors. |
|
|
Term
| The critical measure in progressive ratio schedules is typically? |
|
Definition
| The breakpoint is where the organism fails to complete the requirement. |
|
|
Term
| progressive ratio schedules are frequently used to measure the potency of a ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increasing the number of responses required in a ratio schedule too quickly can lead to ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On a fixed interval schedule, the post-reinforcement pause is approximately _____ the length of the inter-reinforcement interval. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many reinforcements are required for reinforcement on a FI-10 schedule under a FR-33 schedule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is involved in the partial reinforcement extinction effect?
- discrimination between reinforcement and extinction is more rapid in CFR
- quicker extinction on intermittent reinforcement compared with CFR
- the higher rate of response, the greater the resistance to extinction.
- Al lof these
|
|
Definition
| Discrimination between reinforcement and extinction is more rapid in CFR |
|
|
Term
| On a cummulative record, the rate of response is indicated by the ___________ of the line |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In general, the time required prior to reinforcement being available for a response under a fixed-interval schedule is increased in the post-reinforcement pause ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In general, as the number of responses required per reinforcement under a fixed ratio schedule increases, the post-reinforcement pause _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pierce, Epling, and colleagues found that the reinforcing value of food:
- increased as wheel running increased
- decreased as wheel running increased
|
|
Definition
| Decreased as wheel running increased |
|
|
Term
| What is Activity Anorexia? |
|
Definition
| Refers to the observation that as exercise levels increase, the amount of food consumed typically decreases |
|
|
Term
| Falk (1977) suggested that adaptive function of adjunctive behavior may be to ____________ |
|
Definition
| Maintain the animal in the schedule during periods when it would be likely to leave or escape |
|
|
Term
| What is adjunctive behavior? |
|
Definition
| Adjunctive behavior refers to excessive behavior patterns that occur as a side effect of reinforcement and happen immediately after consuming reinforcement |
|
|
Term
| The bivalent effect of wheel-running rats refers to ________. |
|
Definition
Wheel running creates taste aversion for novel foods preceding the activity and taste preferences for novel foods following the activity. |
|
|
Term
| Doyle and Sampson (1988) discuss the relationship between beer drinking and the length of a fixed interval schedule. |
|
Definition
| Participants on the extended fixed-interval schedule drank more beer. |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between adjunctive behavior and levels of deprivation? |
|
Definition
| The higher the level of deprivation, the more adjunctive behavior will occur. |
|
|
Term
| When considering adjunctive behaviors, There is _________ in adjunctive behaviors when the interval schedule examined increases in duration across experimental phases. |
|
Definition
| an increase followed by a decrease |
|
|
Term
| According to Staddon (1977) during the time the food reinforcers, rats engage in ___________. |
|
Definition
| interim, facultative, and terminal behaviors |
|
|
Term
| in taste-aversion studies: |
|
Definition
| novel tastes are more easily conditioned than familiar ones |
|
|
Term
Research conducted by Garcia and Koeling (1966) on taste aversion using shocks and x-ray induced stomach illness found: |
|
Definition
| both shocks and stomach illness produce taste aversion |
|
|
Term
In taste-aversion studies that condition both quails and rate to being sick after drinking salty blue water, researchers have found that following recovery, the animals were given a choice between the salty water and regular water colored blue.
The rats chose _________
The quails chose _________ |
|
Definition
| The rats chose the regular water and the quails chose the non-blue salty water |
|
|
Term
| Principles of behavior like extinction, discrimination, and spontaneous recovery |
|
Definition
| are able to be generalized across species. |
|
|
Term
| Principles of behavior like extinction, discrimination, and spontaneous recovery |
|
Definition
| are able to be generalized across species. |
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|
