Term
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Definition
| Study of the effects of "exogenous chemicals" (i.e., drugs) on the nervous system and behavior |
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Definition
| Changes a drug produces on physiology and behavior |
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Definition
| Places in nervous system where drugs interact with cells to produce effects |
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Definition
| Process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted |
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Definition
| Biochemical and physiological effects of drugs |
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| Intravenous (IV) injection |
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Definition
-Injection directly a vein
-Immediate entrance to bloodstream; entire dose reaches brain at once |
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| Intraperitoneal (IP) injection |
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Definition
-Injection into peritoneal cavity (near abdominal organs
-Fast, tho' not immediate entrance to bloodstream; some gets metabolized |
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| Intramuscular (IM) injection |
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Definition
-Injection into a large muscle
-Absorbed into bloodstream thru capillaries supplying muscle |
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| Subcutaneous (SC) injection |
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Definition
-Injection into space beneath skin
-Useful only for small, long-lasting doses; large doses would be painful |
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Definition
| Most common; some drugs can be destroyed by stomach chemicals |
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Term
| Sublingual administration |
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Definition
-Placed under the tongue
-Drug absorbed thru capillaries supplying mucous membrane lining the mouth |
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| Intrarectal administration |
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Definition
| Given in the form of suppositories, usually if drug might cause upset stomach |
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Term
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Definition
-Breathing in the drug
-Route from lung to brain is very short, so absorption to bloodstream is quick |
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Definition
| Absorbed thru the skin or mucous membrane of nasal passages |
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Term
| Intracerebal administration |
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Definition
-Putting drugs directly into brain
-Primarily used for research purposes |
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Term
| Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration |
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Definition
-Directly into one of the cerebral ventricles
-Usually used to deliver antibiotics directly to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| The more lipid soluble a drug, the more easily it can pass thru the blood-brain barrier |
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Definition
-Binding of a drug w/ various body tissues or blood proteins (such as albumin)
-Can delay and prolong the effects of a drug |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Expends energy to move molecules |
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Term
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Definition
-Increasingly stronger doses produce increasingly larger effects until the maximum effect is reach
-Dose expressed in mg per kg |
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Term
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Definition
-Readiness with which two molecules join together
-Amount of affinity inversely related to size of dose needed |
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Term
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Definition
| Minimum amount of drug needed to cause an effect |
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Term
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Definition
-Maximum effect size of the drug
-Half-max used to compare different drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| Difference b/t dose-response curves for therapeutic effects and adverse side effects; large margin is desired |
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Definition
| Ratio between the dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of subjects and the dose that produces toxic effects in 50% of subjects; higher indexes = less risky drug |
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Definition
| A decrease in the effectiveness of drug administered repeatedly (i.e., over time, larger dose needed to produce same size effect) |
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Definition
| An increase in the effectiveness of a drug administered repeatedly (i.e., same dose produces progressively larger effect) |
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Definition
| Effects exhibited after abrupt termination of prolonged drug usage, usually opposite to those produced by a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| Inert substance given in lieu of a physiologically active drug, used to control for effects of drug administration |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that facilitates the effects of a neurotransmitter (NT) on the postsynaptic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that opposes/inhibits the effects of a NT on the postsynaptic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that binds with and activates same receptor action as NT |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that binds to the same receptor as the NT, but blocks/produces no effect (aka receptor blocker) |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug producing the same postsynaptic effect as the NT but thru different mechanism of action site; facilitates the opening of ion channels |
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Definition
| A drug that binds to an alternative site on the receptor and interferes with its action |
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Term
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Definition
| Binding of a drug to a site on a receptor; does not interfere w/ the binding site for the principal ligand |
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| Presynaptic heteroreceptor |
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Definition
| A receptor located in the membrane of a terminal button that receives input from another terminal button by means of an axoaxonic synapse |
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter found in the brain, spinal cord, and parts of the PNS; responsible for muscular contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| A cofactor that supplies acetate for the synthesis of ACh |
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Term
| Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT) |
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Definition
| The enzyme that transfers the acetate ion from acetyl-CoA to choline, producing the neurotransmitter ACh |
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Term
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Definition
| An ACh antagonist; prevents release by terminal buttons |
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Term
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Definition
| A poison produced by the black widow spider that triggers the release of ACh |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that inhibits the uptake of choline |
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Term
| Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
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Definition
| The enzyme that destroys ACh soon after it is liberated by the terminal buttons, thus terminating the postsynaptic potential |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that inhibits the activity of AChE |
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Definition
| An ionotropic ACh receptor that is stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that blocks nicotinic ACh receptors |
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Definition
| A metabotropic ACh receptor that is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that blocks muscarinic ACh receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of amines that includes indolamines (i.e., serotonin) and catecholamines (i.e., dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of amines that includes the NTs dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| Catecholamine NT implicated in functions such as movement, attention, learning, and reinforcing effects of drugs |
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Term
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Definition
-The levorotatory form of DOPA; precursor of the catecholamines
-Often used to treat Parkinson's disease because of its effect as a dopamine agonist |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of neurons originating in the substantia nigra and terminating in the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the prefrontal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurological disease characterized by tremors, rigidity of the limbs, poor balance, and difficulty in initiating movements; caused by degeneration of the nigrostriatal system |
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